# Germany and Luxembourg compared Germany and Luxembourg side by side: 42 shared sourced indicators across 9 domains, and the 10 events their chronicles record of each other. Canonical: https://terralore.co/compare/deu-vs-lux Updated: 2026-08-10 (latest of the two dossiers' refreshes and the two chronicles' verification dates) Two sourced records set beside each other — nothing on this page was written for the pair. Every figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two national dossiers; every event is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle. Figures are compared, never graded. A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero; each value shows its own observation year — vintages differ by indicator and nation. ## Formation - Germany: 18 January 1871 — The German Empire is proclaimed - Luxembourg: 963 — Siegfried acquires the fort of Lucilinburhuc ## Economy | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | GDP | $4.69 T | 2024 | $93 B | 2024 | | GDP per capita | $56,104 | 2024 | $137,782 | 2024 | | GDP growth | -0.5% | 2024 | 0.4% | 2024 | | Inflation | 2.3% | 2024 | 2.1% | 2024 | | Trade openness | 79.1% | 2024 | 351.3% | 2024 | ## Society | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Population | 84 m | 2024 | 677,000 | 2024 | | Life expectancy | 80.8 yrs | 2024 | 83.2 yrs | 2024 | | Urban population | 82.0% | 2024 | 94.8% | 2024 | | Fertility rate | 1.4 | 2024 | 1.3 | 2024 | ## Governance | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Voice & accountability | 84.8 | 2024 | 86.0 | 2024 | | Political stability | 68.0 | 2024 | 84.2 | 2024 | | Government effectiveness | 81.4 | 2024 | 91.0 | 2024 | | Regulatory quality | 78.5 | 2024 | 83.9 | 2024 | | Rule of law | 84.9 | 2024 | 87.3 | 2024 | | Control of corruption | 83.8 | 2024 | 88.7 | 2024 | ## Health | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Health spending | 12.3% | 2024 | 5.9% | 2024 | | Physicians | 4.53 | 2022 | 2.98 | 2017 | | Under-5 mortality | 3.7 | 2024 | 2.2 | 2024 | | Measles immunisation | 96.0% | 2024 | 99.0% | 2024 | | Safe drinking water | 99.9% | 2024 | 99.7% | 2024 | ## Education | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Education spending | 5.2% | 2022 | 3.7% | 2022 | | Primary enrolment | 102.6% | 2024 | 99.2% | 2024 | | Secondary enrolment | 100.2% | 2024 | 108.6% | 2024 | | Tertiary enrolment | 76.7% | 2024 | 22.4% | 2024 | ## Technology | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | R&D spending | 3.2% | 2023 | 1.1% | 2023 | | Researchers (per million) | 5,926 | 2023 | 5,359 | 2023 | | Internet users | 93.5% | 2024 | 99.1% | 2025 | | Mobile subscriptions | 129 | 2024 | 144 | 2023 | | High-tech exports | 18.0% | 2024 | 5.1% | 2024 | ## Geography | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Land area | 349,430 km² | 2023 | 2,574 km² | 2023 | | Forest area | 32.7% | 2023 | 34.5% | 2023 | | Agricultural land | 47.5% | 2023 | 51.7% | 2023 | | CO₂ per capita (t) | 6.9 | 2024 | 10.6 | 2024 | | Renewable energy | 17.6% | 2021 | 20.5% | 2021 | ## Resources | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Resource rents | 0.1% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Oil rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Forest rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Electricity access | 100.0% | 2023 | 100.0% | 2023 | ## Military | Metric | Germany | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Military burden | 1.9% | 2024 | 1.0% | 2024 | | Defense spending | $88 B | 2024 | $872 M | 2024 | | Armed forces | 183,000 | 2020 | 1,000 | 2020 | Each metric is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/.md). Full dossiers: https://terralore.co/country/DEU.md and https://terralore.co/country/LUX.md. ## Entangled histories (10 events) Events in which either nation's sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the record exactly as its own chronicle carries it, with that chronicle's sources. - 1815: **Congress of Vienna creates the Grand Duchy** — Luxembourg was raised to a Grand Duchy under William I of the Netherlands in personal union, placed within the German Confederation with a Prussian garrison, and lost an eastern slice to Prussia in a second partition. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty) - 1839: **Treaty of London: the cession to Belgium** — The 1839 Treaty of London partitioned the Grand Duchy a third time, ceding its larger French-speaking western half to the new kingdom of Belgium while confirming the independence of the German-speaking remainder. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty; History of the city of Luxembourg) - 1842: **Entry into the Zollverein** — The reduced Grand Duchy joined the German customs union in 1842, binding its economy closely to the neighbouring German territories for the rest of the century. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Luxembourg (1914-1918)) - 11 May 1867: **Treaty of London: neutrality and the razing of the fortress** — After the Luxembourg Crisis between France and Prussia, the powers guaranteed the Grand Duchy's perpetual neutrality, withdrew the Prussian garrison and ordered the fortress dismantled, a demolition completed in 1883. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty; History of the city of Luxembourg) - 2 Aug 1914: **German invasion in the First World War** — German forces occupied neutral Luxembourg on 2 August 1914 to control its railways for the advance on France, holding the country until November 1918 despite its formal protest. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Occupation of Luxembourg (1914-1918); Luxembourg (1914-1918)) - Jan 1919: **Abdication of Marie-Adelaide** — Criticised for her conduct under the German occupation, Grand Duchess Marie-Adelaide abdicated in January 1919 in favour of her sister Charlotte, who reigned until 1964. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Occupation of Luxembourg (1914-1918); The history of the Nassau dynasty) - 10 May 1940: **Second German invasion and annexation** — The Wehrmacht overran Luxembourg on 10 May 1940; the government and Grand Duchess fled into exile, and the territory was placed under a German civil administration aimed at its full integration into the Reich. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Occupation and Annexation during the Second World War: the Case of Luxembourg; Luxembourgers general strike against Nazi occupation, 1942) - 31 Aug 1942: **Conscription and the general strike** — When the occupier imposed German citizenship and Wehrmacht conscription in August 1942, a general strike spread from 31 August, the first in Nazi-occupied Europe; the Germans declared martial law and executed twenty-one strikers. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Luxembourgers general strike against Nazi occupation, 1942; Occupation and Annexation during the Second World War: the Case of Luxembourg) - 16 Dec 1944: **Liberation and the Battle of the Bulge** — Allied forces liberated Luxembourg in September 1944, but the German Ardennes offensive launched on 16 December 1944 overran the north of the country, which had to be liberated a second time before war's end. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The Battle of the Bulge; Luxembourgers general strike against Nazi occupation, 1942) - 1951: **Founding member of the ECSC** — Following the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950, Luxembourg joined Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and West Germany as a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community, operating from 1952. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The Schuman Declaration, 9 May 1950; The history of the European Union, 1945-59) ## Sources - World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://data.worldbank.org - Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators - Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.who.int/data/gho - Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://childmortality.org - R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://uis.unesco.org - ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics - Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex Chronicle references are cited inline above and resolve in full at https://terralore.co/country/DEU/chronicle.md and https://terralore.co/country/LUX/chronicle.md. Citation template: Terralore, "Germany and Luxembourg compared", terralore.co/compare/deu-vs-lux, retrieved .