# France and Luxembourg compared France and Luxembourg side by side: 42 shared sourced indicators across 9 domains, and the 8 events their chronicles record of each other. Canonical: https://terralore.co/compare/fra-vs-lux Updated: 2026-08-10 (latest of the two dossiers' refreshes and the two chronicles' verification dates) Two sourced records set beside each other — nothing on this page was written for the pair. Every figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two national dossiers; every event is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle. Figures are compared, never graded. A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero; each value shows its own observation year — vintages differ by indicator and nation. ## Formation - France: 10 August 843 — The Treaty of Verdun gives Charles the Bald West Francia - Luxembourg: 963 — Siegfried acquires the fort of Lucilinburhuc ## Economy | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | GDP | $3.16 T | 2024 | $93 B | 2024 | | GDP per capita | $46,103 | 2024 | $137,782 | 2024 | | GDP growth | 1.2% | 2024 | 0.4% | 2024 | | Inflation | 2.0% | 2024 | 2.1% | 2024 | | Trade openness | 68.1% | 2024 | 351.3% | 2024 | ## Society | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Population | 69 m | 2024 | 677,000 | 2024 | | Life expectancy | 83.0 yrs | 2024 | 83.2 yrs | 2024 | | Urban population | 78.8% | 2024 | 94.8% | 2024 | | Fertility rate | 1.6 | 2024 | 1.3 | 2024 | ## Governance | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Voice & accountability | 77.0 | 2024 | 86.0 | 2024 | | Political stability | 61.8 | 2024 | 84.2 | 2024 | | Government effectiveness | 74.7 | 2024 | 91.0 | 2024 | | Regulatory quality | 72.9 | 2024 | 83.9 | 2024 | | Rule of law | 73.8 | 2024 | 87.3 | 2024 | | Control of corruption | 72.5 | 2024 | 88.7 | 2024 | ## Health | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Health spending | 11.5% | 2024 | 5.9% | 2024 | | Physicians | 3.28 | 2022 | 2.98 | 2017 | | Under-5 mortality | 4.3 | 2024 | 2.2 | 2024 | | Measles immunisation | 95.0% | 2024 | 99.0% | 2024 | | Safe drinking water | 99.7% | 2024 | 99.7% | 2024 | ## Education | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Education spending | 5.3% | 2022 | 3.7% | 2022 | | Primary enrolment | 103.4% | 2024 | 99.2% | 2024 | | Secondary enrolment | 103.8% | 2024 | 108.6% | 2024 | | Tertiary enrolment | 71.5% | 2024 | 22.4% | 2024 | ## Technology | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | R&D spending | 2.2% | 2023 | 1.1% | 2023 | | Researchers (per million) | 5,369 | 2023 | 5,359 | 2023 | | Internet users | 88.7% | 2024 | 99.1% | 2025 | | Mobile subscriptions | 117 | 2023 | 144 | 2023 | | High-tech exports | 23.1% | 2024 | 5.1% | 2024 | ## Geography | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Land area | 538,950 km² | 2023 | 2,574 km² | 2023 | | Forest area | 32.5% | 2023 | 34.5% | 2023 | | Agricultural land | 52.5% | 2023 | 51.7% | 2023 | | CO₂ per capita (t) | 4.0 | 2024 | 10.6 | 2024 | | Renewable energy | 16.2% | 2021 | 20.5% | 2021 | ## Resources | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Resource rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Oil rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Forest rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Electricity access | 100.0% | 2023 | 100.0% | 2023 | ## Military | Metric | France | Observed | Luxembourg | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Military burden | 2.1% | 2024 | 1.0% | 2024 | | Defense spending | $65 B | 2024 | $872 M | 2024 | | Armed forces | 304,000 | 2020 | 1,000 | 2020 | Each metric is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/.md). Full dossiers: https://terralore.co/country/FRA.md and https://terralore.co/country/LUX.md. ## Entangled histories (8 events) Events in which either nation's sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the record exactly as its own chronicle carries it, with that chronicle's sources. - 26 Aug 1346: **Death of John the Blind at Crecy** — Blind in his final years, John of Luxembourg insisted on joining the fighting and was killed at the Battle of Crecy on the side of France, becoming an emblematic figure of Luxembourg's chivalric past. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: History of the city of Luxembourg; The history of the Nassau dynasty) - 7 Nov 1659: **Treaty of the Pyrenees: the First Partition** — The peace between France and Spain ceded a southern band of the duchy, including Thionville, Montmedy and Stenay, to Louis XIV's France, the first partition of Luxembourg's territory. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659); History of the city of Luxembourg) - 1684: **Louis XIV takes the fortress; Vauban rebuilds it** — French forces captured Luxembourg City in 1684, and the engineer Vauban remodelled its fortifications before the stronghold was later returned to Spanish rule. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: History of the city of Luxembourg; History of the City of Luxembourg) - 1795: **Revolutionary France captures the fortress** — After a long blockade, French Revolutionary forces took the fortress in 1795 and Luxembourg was annexed to the French Republic, ending the era of Habsburg rule. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: History of the City of Luxembourg; History of the city of Luxembourg) - 1839: **Treaty of London: the cession to Belgium** — The 1839 Treaty of London partitioned the Grand Duchy a third time, ceding its larger French-speaking western half to the new kingdom of Belgium while confirming the independence of the German-speaking remainder. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty; History of the city of Luxembourg) - 11 May 1867: **Treaty of London: neutrality and the razing of the fortress** — After the Luxembourg Crisis between France and Prussia, the powers guaranteed the Grand Duchy's perpetual neutrality, withdrew the Prussian garrison and ordered the fortress dismantled, a demolition completed in 1883. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty; History of the city of Luxembourg) - 2 Aug 1914: **German invasion in the First World War** — German forces occupied neutral Luxembourg on 2 August 1914 to control its railways for the advance on France, holding the country until November 1918 despite its formal protest. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: Occupation of Luxembourg (1914-1918); Luxembourg (1914-1918)) - 1951: **Founding member of the ECSC** — Following the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950, Luxembourg joined Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and West Germany as a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community, operating from 1952. (from the Luxembourg chronicle; sources: The Schuman Declaration, 9 May 1950; The history of the European Union, 1945-59) ## Sources - World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://data.worldbank.org - Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators - Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.who.int/data/gho - Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://childmortality.org - R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://uis.unesco.org - ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics - Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex Chronicle references are cited inline above and resolve in full at https://terralore.co/country/FRA/chronicle.md and https://terralore.co/country/LUX/chronicle.md. Citation template: Terralore, "France and Luxembourg compared", terralore.co/compare/fra-vs-lux, retrieved .