# France and Monaco compared France and Monaco side by side: 32 shared sourced indicators across 9 domains, and the 6 events their chronicles record of each other. Canonical: https://terralore.co/compare/fra-vs-mco Updated: 2026-08-10 (latest of the two dossiers' refreshes and the two chronicles' verification dates) Two sourced records set beside each other — nothing on this page was written for the pair. Every figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two national dossiers; every event is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle. Figures are compared, never graded. A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero; each value shows its own observation year — vintages differ by indicator and nation. ## Formation - France: 10 August 843 — The Treaty of Verdun gives Charles the Bald West Francia - Monaco: 1297 — Francesco Grimaldi seizes the Rock of Monaco ## Economy | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | GDP | $3.16 T | 2024 | $11 B | 2024 | | GDP per capita | $46,103 | 2024 | $288,001 | 2024 | | GDP growth | 1.2% | 2024 | 8.5% | 2024 | | Inflation | 2.0% | 2024 | — | — | | Trade openness | 68.1% | 2024 | — | — | ## Society | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Population | 69 m | 2024 | 39,000 | 2024 | | Life expectancy | 83.0 yrs | 2024 | 86.5 yrs | 2024 | | Urban population | 78.8% | 2024 | 100.0% | 2024 | | Fertility rate | 1.6 | 2024 | 2.1 | 2024 | ## Governance | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Voice & accountability | 77.0 | 2024 | 71.5 | 2024 | | Political stability | 61.8 | 2024 | 87.1 | 2024 | | Government effectiveness | 74.7 | 2024 | 85.1 | 2024 | | Regulatory quality | 72.9 | 2024 | 72.2 | 2024 | | Rule of law | 73.8 | 2024 | 80.1 | 2024 | | Control of corruption | 72.5 | 2024 | 84.3 | 2024 | ## Health | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Health spending | 11.5% | 2024 | 3.1% | 2023 | | Physicians | 3.28 | 2022 | 8.61 | 2020 | | Under-5 mortality | 4.3 | 2024 | 2.7 | 2024 | | Measles immunisation | 95.0% | 2024 | 88.0% | 2024 | | Safe drinking water | 99.7% | 2024 | 100.0% | 2024 | ## Education | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Education spending | 5.3% | 2022 | 1.7% | 2023 | | Primary enrolment | 103.4% | 2024 | 120.6% | 2024 | | Secondary enrolment | 103.8% | 2024 | 158.5% | 2024 | | Tertiary enrolment | 71.5% | 2024 | 77.5% | 2024 | ## Technology | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | R&D spending | 2.2% | 2023 | 0.0% | 2005 | | Researchers (per million) | 5,369 | 2023 | 310 | 2005 | | Internet users | 88.7% | 2024 | 99.0% | 2024 | | Mobile subscriptions | 117 | 2023 | 107 | 2024 | | High-tech exports | 23.1% | 2024 | — | — | ## Geography | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Land area | 538,950 km² | 2023 | 2 km² | 2023 | | Forest area | 32.5% | 2023 | 0.0% | 2023 | | Agricultural land | 52.5% | 2023 | — | — | | CO₂ per capita (t) | 4.0 | 2024 | — | — | | Renewable energy | 16.2% | 2021 | — | — | ## Resources | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Resource rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Oil rents | 0.0% | 2021 | — | — | | Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Forest rents | 0.0% | 2021 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Electricity access | 100.0% | 2023 | 100.0% | 2023 | ## Military | Metric | France | Observed | Monaco | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Military burden | 2.1% | 2024 | — | — | | Defense spending | $65 B | 2024 | — | — | | Armed forces | 304,000 | 2020 | — | — | Each metric is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/.md). Full dossiers: https://terralore.co/country/FRA.md and https://terralore.co/country/MCO.md. ## Entangled histories (6 events) Events in which either nation's sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the record exactly as its own chronicle carries it, with that chronicle's sources. - 14 September 1641: **Treaty of Péronne** — Honoré II and Louis XIII signed the Treaty of Péronne, shifting Monaco from Spanish to French protection while recognising the principality's independence and the prince's sovereignty. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: French protection (Treaty of Péronne, 1641); Monaco: 1215 to 1662; Monaco) - from 1642: **French titles for the Grimaldi** — Under the Péronne settlement the prince of Monaco received French titles and estates, including the duchy of Valentinois, binding the dynasty to the French crown. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: French protection (Treaty of Péronne, 1641)) - 1793: **Revolutionary France annexes Monaco** — Revolutionary France abolished the Grimaldi sovereignty and annexed the principality, expelling the dynasty and scattering the palace's art collections. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: Secession of Menton and Roquebrune (Treaty of 1861); Monaco - Prince's Palace) - 2 February 1861: **Cession of Menton and Roquebrune** — By the Franco-Monégasque Treaty, Prince Charles III ceded Menton and Roquebrune to France for four million francs; France recognised Monaco's sovereignty over its remaining territory. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: Secession of Menton and Roquebrune (Treaty of 1861); Monaco: 1815 to Present; Monaco) - 17 July 1918: **Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1918** — Signed amid a succession crisis, the treaty aligned Monaco's policy with French interests and provided that the principality would fall under French protection should the Grimaldi line end; it was noted in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: The history of Monaco's accession; Monaco) - 24 October 2002: **Treaty of 2002 guarantees independence** — A new Franco-Monégasque treaty, with the revised constitution and succession law, ended the clause returning Monaco to France if the Grimaldi line failed, guaranteeing the principality's continued independence. (from the Monaco chronicle; sources: Albert II, prince of Monaco; The history of Monaco's accession; Monaco: 1815 to Present) ## Sources - World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://data.worldbank.org - Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators - Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.who.int/data/gho - Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://childmortality.org - R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://uis.unesco.org - ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics - Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex Chronicle references are cited inline above and resolve in full at https://terralore.co/country/FRA/chronicle.md and https://terralore.co/country/MCO/chronicle.md. Citation template: Terralore, "France and Monaco compared", terralore.co/compare/fra-vs-mco, retrieved .