# Syria and Türkiye compared

Syria and Türkiye side by side: 43 shared sourced indicators across 9 domains, and the 2 events their chronicles record of each other.

Canonical: https://terralore.co/compare/syr-vs-tur
Updated: 2026-08-10 (latest of the two dossiers' refreshes and the two chronicles' verification dates)

Two sourced records set beside each other — nothing on this page was written for the pair. Every figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two national dossiers; every event is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle. Figures are compared, never graded. A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero; each value shows its own observation year — vintages differ by indicator and nation.

## Formation

- Syria: 8 March 1920 — The Arab Kingdom of Syria is proclaimed at Damascus
- Türkiye: c. 1299 — Osman I founds the Ottoman beylik in Bithynia

## Economy

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP | $24 B | 2022 | $1.36 T | 2024 |
| GDP per capita | $1,052 | 2022 | $15,893 | 2024 |
| GDP growth | 0.7% | 2022 | 3.3% | 2024 |
| Inflation | 13.4% | 2019 | 58.5% | 2024 |
| Trade openness | 35.6% | 2022 | 54.6% | 2024 |

## Society

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 25 m | 2024 | 86 m | 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 72.6 yrs | 2024 | 77.4 yrs | 2024 |
| Urban population | 72.1% | 2024 | 89.3% | 2024 |
| Fertility rate | 2.7 | 2024 | 1.5 | 2024 |

## Governance

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voice & accountability | 24.5 | 2024 | 37.7 | 2024 |
| Political stability | 25.4 | 2024 | 49.3 | 2024 |
| Government effectiveness | 18.8 | 2024 | 50.0 | 2024 |
| Regulatory quality | 23.4 | 2024 | 51.5 | 2024 |
| Rule of law | 25.8 | 2024 | 42.4 | 2024 |
| Control of corruption | 13.4 | 2024 | 36.5 | 2024 |

## Health

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health spending | 2.7% | 2023 | 4.3% | 2023 |
| Physicians | 1.52 | 2021 | 2.24 | 2022 |
| Under-5 mortality | 18.4 | 2024 | 9.6 | 2024 |
| Measles immunisation | 81.0% | 2024 | 95.0% | 2024 |

## Education

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult literacy | 94.4% | 2021 | 97.3% | 2021 |
| Education spending | 5.1% | 2009 | 3.1% | 2022 |
| Primary enrolment | 81.4% | 2024 | 102.4% | 2023 |
| Secondary enrolment | 38.7% | 2024 | 118.4% | 2023 |
| Tertiary enrolment | 43.8% | 2016 | 105.9% | 2023 |

## Technology

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R&D spending | 0.0% | 2022 | 1.4% | 2023 |
| Researchers (per million) | 140 | 2022 | 2,645 | 2023 |
| Internet users | 33.8% | 2018 | 89.8% | 2025 |
| Mobile subscriptions | 71 | 2024 | 108 | 2024 |
| High-tech exports | 1.4% | 2010 | 5.1% | 2024 |

## Geography

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land area | 183,630 km² | 2023 | 769,630 km² | 2023 |
| Forest area | 2.8% | 2023 | 29.5% | 2023 |
| Agricultural land | 74.1% | 2023 | 50.1% | 2023 |
| CO₂ per capita (t) | 1.3 | 2024 | 5.4 | 2024 |
| Renewable energy | 1.1% | 2021 | 12.0% | 2021 |

## Resources

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resource rents | 6.4% | 2020 | 0.8% | 2021 |
| Oil rents | 4.0% | 2020 | 0.1% | 2021 |
| Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2020 | 0.6% | 2021 |
| Forest rents | 0.0% | 2020 | 0.0% | 2021 |
| Electricity access | 88.4% | 2023 | 100.0% | 2023 |
| Phosphate rock | 800 kt | 2025 | 1.2 Mt | 2025 |
| Iron ore | — | — | 18 Mt | 2025 |
| Cobalt (mined) | — | — | 1,900 t | 2025 |
| Bauxite | — | — | 3.8 Mt | 2025 |

## Military

| Metric | Syria | Observed | Türkiye | Observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military burden | 4.1% | 2010 | 1.9% | 2024 |
| Defense spending | $2.5 B | 2011 | $25 B | 2024 |
| Armed forces | 269,000 | 2020 | 512,000 | 2020 |

Each metric is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/<metric>.md). Full dossiers: https://terralore.co/country/SYR.md and https://terralore.co/country/TUR.md.

## Entangled histories (2 events)

Events in which either nation's sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the record exactly as its own chronicle carries it, with that chronicle's sources.

- 1516 CE: **Ottoman conquest of Syria** — Sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluks and incorporates Syria into the Ottoman Empire, beginning four centuries of Ottoman rule over Damascus, Aleppo and the Syrian lands. (from the Syria chronicle; sources: Syria — history; Mamluk dynasty — rulers of Egypt and Syria (1250–1517))
- 1918 CE: **End of Ottoman rule** — During the First World War the Arab Revolt and Allied forces drive the Ottomans from Syria, ending four hundred years of Ottoman dominion and opening the way to French and British arrangements for the region. (from the Syria chronicle; sources: Syria — history; A Guide to the History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations: Syria)

## Sources

- World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://data.worldbank.org
- Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
- Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.who.int/data/gho
- Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://childmortality.org
- R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://uis.unesco.org
- ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics
- Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 — U.S. Geological Survey · Public domain (U.S. Government work) · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center
- Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex

Chronicle references are cited inline above and resolve in full at https://terralore.co/country/SYR/chronicle.md and https://terralore.co/country/TUR/chronicle.md.

Citation template: Terralore, "Syria and Türkiye compared", terralore.co/compare/syr-vs-tur, retrieved <YYYY-MM-DD>.