# Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan compared Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan side by side: 38 shared sourced indicators across 9 domains, their chronicles record no events of each other. Canonical: https://terralore.co/compare/tkm-vs-uzb Updated: 2026-08-10 (latest of the two dossiers' refreshes and the two chronicles' verification dates) Two sourced records set beside each other — nothing on this page was written for the pair. Every figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two national dossiers; every event is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle. Figures are compared, never graded. A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero; each value shows its own observation year — vintages differ by indicator and nation. ## Formation - Turkmenistan: 1991 — Turkmenistan becomes independent as the Soviet Union dissolves - Uzbekistan: 1501 — The Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara is established ## Economy | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | GDP | $51 B | 2024 | $115 B | 2024 | | GDP per capita | $6,857 | 2024 | $3,162 | 2024 | | GDP growth | 6.3% | 2024 | 6.5% | 2024 | | Trade openness | 28.7% | 2024 | 60.7% | 2024 | | Inflation | — | — | 9.6% | 2024 | ## Society | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Population | 7.5 m | 2024 | 36 m | 2024 | | Life expectancy | 70.2 yrs | 2024 | 72.5 yrs | 2024 | | Urban population | 47.1% | 2024 | 51.0% | 2024 | | Fertility rate | 2.7 | 2024 | 3.5 | 2024 | ## Governance | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Voice & accountability | 21.1 | 2024 | 38.6 | 2024 | | Political stability | 70.1 | 2024 | 65.4 | 2024 | | Government effectiveness | 30.7 | 2024 | 48.5 | 2024 | | Regulatory quality | 28.2 | 2024 | 46.6 | 2024 | | Rule of law | 32.6 | 2024 | 45.7 | 2024 | | Control of corruption | 21.6 | 2024 | 32.6 | 2024 | ## Health | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Health spending | 5.5% | 2023 | 6.7% | 2023 | | Physicians | 1.93 | 2023 | 2.81 | 2021 | | Under-5 mortality | 39.0 | 2024 | 13.4 | 2024 | | Measles immunisation | 99.0% | 2024 | 99.0% | 2024 | | Safe drinking water | 94.9% | 2024 | 81.9% | 2024 | ## Education | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Adult literacy | 99.9% | 2022 | 100.0% | 2022 | | Education spending | 4.3% | 2024 | 5.5% | 2023 | | Primary enrolment | 95.7% | 2024 | 120.9% | 2025 | | Secondary enrolment | 94.6% | 2024 | 98.1% | 2025 | | Tertiary enrolment | 20.4% | 2024 | 59.8% | 2025 | ## Technology | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | R&D spending | 0.1% | 2023 | 0.1% | 2024 | | Internet users | 18.0% | 2016 | 89.5% | 2024 | | Mobile subscriptions | 88 | 2021 | 110 | 2024 | | Researchers (per million) | — | — | 640 | 2024 | | High-tech exports | — | — | 1.7% | 2024 | ## Geography | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Land area | 469,930 km² | 2023 | 440,650 km² | 2023 | | Forest area | 8.8% | 2023 | 8.5% | 2023 | | Agricultural land | 84.2% | 2023 | 58.1% | 2023 | | CO₂ per capita (t) | 10.9 | 2024 | 4.1 | 2024 | | Renewable energy | 0.1% | 2021 | 1.0% | 2021 | ## Resources | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Resource rents | 13.5% | 2019 | 20.5% | 2021 | | Oil rents | 5.8% | 2019 | 0.9% | 2021 | | Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2019 | 8.5% | 2021 | | Forest rents | 0.0% | 2019 | 0.0% | 2021 | | Electricity access | 100.0% | 2023 | 100.0% | 2023 | | Gold (mined) | — | — | 130 t | 2025 | | Phosphate rock | — | — | 950 kt | 2025 | ## Military | Metric | Turkmenistan | Observed | Uzbekistan | Observed | |---|---|---|---|---| | Armed forces | 57,000 | 2020 | 68,000 | 2020 | | Military burden | — | — | 2.9% | 2018 | | Defense spending | — | — | $1.4 B | 2018 | Each metric is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/.md). Full dossiers: https://terralore.co/country/TKM.md and https://terralore.co/country/UZB.md. ## Entangled histories (0 events) Neither nation's sourced chronicle names the other — across both archives, no recorded event crosses between them. That is a fact about the two records as they stand, not a gap filled here. ## Sources - World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://data.worldbank.org - Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators - Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.who.int/data/gho - Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://childmortality.org - R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://uis.unesco.org - ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-15 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics - Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-06-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 — U.S. Geological Survey · Public domain (U.S. Government work) · accessed 2026-08-10 · https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center Chronicle references are cited inline above and resolve in full at https://terralore.co/country/TKM/chronicle.md and https://terralore.co/country/UZB/chronicle.md. Citation template: Terralore, "Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan compared", terralore.co/compare/tkm-vs-uzb, retrieved .