← THE SECTION CUT · AFRICA

Mali

17.0N 4.0W · 22 EVENTS · 9 DOMAINS
INDEPENDENCE FROM FRANCE · 22 SEPTEMBER 1960
▼ PULL DOWN TO EXTRACT THE CORE
1968–present · Dictatorship, Democracy and Crisis
5 EVENTS
March 1991 · Fall of Moussa Traoré and democratic transition 3 REFS
2012 · Tuareg rebellion, coup and jihadist seizure of the north 3 REFS
1898–1968 · French Soudan and Independence
4 EVENTS
early 20th century · Colony of French Soudan 2 REFS
22 September 1960 · Independence of the Republic of Mali 3 REFS
c. 1712–1898 · Segou, the Tukulor and Samori
4 EVENTS
c. 1712 · Bitòn Coulibaly consolidates the Bambara kingdom of Segou 2 REFS
29 September 1898 · Capture of Samori Touré 3 REFS
c. 1464–1591 · The Songhai Empire and Its Fall
3 EVENTS
1468 · Sonni Ali takes Timbuktu 2 REFS
1493 · Askia Muhammad founds the Askiya dynasty 2 REFS
c. 1235–1450s · The Mali Empire
3 EVENTS
c. 1235 · Battle of Kirina and the founding of Mali 3 REFS
1324 · Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca 3 REFS
c. 8th–11th century CE · The Ghana Empire (Wagadou)
3 EVENTS
c. 950 · Ibn Hawqal records Ghana's wealth 2 REFS
by c. 1000 · Apogee of the gold-and-salt trade 2 REFS
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EVERY ERA, EVENT AND REFERENCE ON ONE PAGE
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Quick facts · atlas reference
Capital
Bamako
Population
18 m
Area
1,240,192 km²
Region
Western Africa
Languages
French
Currency
West African CFA franc (Fr)
Demonym
Malian
UN member
Yes
Dossier · press a specimen — it turns over

Economy

GDP
$30 B’25 WB-WDI
GDP per capita
$1,193’25 WB-WDI
GDP growth
5.6%’25 WB-WDI
Inflation
3.3%’25 WB-WDI
Trade openness
48.8%’25 WB-WDI

Society

Population
25 m’25 WB-WDI
Life expectancy
60.7 yrs’24 WB-WDI
Urban population
32.2%’25 WB-WDI
Fertility rate
5.5’24 WB-WDI
Literacy rate
35.6%’24 WB-WDI

Governance

Voice & accountability
35.5’24 WB-WGI
Political stability
23.3’24 WB-WGI
Government effectiveness
26.3’24 WB-WGI
Regulatory quality
42.8’24 WB-WGI
Rule of law
38.1’24 WB-WGI
Control of corruption
28.0’24 WB-WGI

Health

Health spending
3.8%’23 WB-WHO
Physicians
0.19’23 WB-WHO
Under-5 mortality
73.0’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Measles immunisation
72.0%’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO

Education

Adult literacy
35.6%’24 WB-UNESCO
Education spending
4.2%’23 WB-UNESCO
Primary enrolment
72.8%’23 WB-UNESCO
Secondary enrolment
38.9%’23 WB-UNESCO
Tertiary enrolment
5.1%’15 WB-UNESCO

Technology

R&D spending
0.1%’23 WB-UNESCO
Researchers (per million)
26’23 WB-UNESCO
Internet users
36.8%’24 WB-ITU
Mobile subscriptions
112’22 WB-ITU
High-tech exports
5.4%’23 WB-WDI

Geography

Land area
1,220,190 km²’23 WB-WDI
Forest area
10.9%’23 WB-WDI
Agricultural land
35.5%’23 WB-WDI
CO₂ per capita (t)
0.3’24 WB-WDI
Renewable energy
71.1%’22 WB-WDI

Resources

Resource rents
18.4%’21 WB-WDI
Oil rents
0.0%’21 WB-WDI
Mineral rents
16.2%’21 WB-WDI
Forest rents
2.2%’21 WB-WDI
Electricity access
49.5%’24 WB-WDI
Lithium (mined)
9,400 t’25 USGS-MCS

Military

Military burden
4.2%’24 WB-SIPRI
Defense spending
$929 M’24 WB-SIPRI
Armed forces
41,000’20 WB-SIPRI

A hatched gap has no underside — there is nothing to turn over. Absence is stated, never zeroed.

The record · what changed here
EVERY CLAIM SOURCED
ABSENCE ≠ ZERO
NO SIDES