← THE SECTION CUT · SOUTH AMERICA

Peru

10.0S 76.0W · 28 EVENTS · 9 DOMAINS
INDEPENDENCE SECURED AT THE BATTLE OF AYACUCHO · 9 DECEMBER 1824
▼ PULL DOWN TO EXTRACT THE CORE
1948 - present · Reform, the Shining Path, and Modern Peru
5 EVENTS
1980 CE · Shining Path launches its insurgency 2 REFS
12 Sept 1992 · Capture of Abimael Guzman 2 REFS
1826 - 1948 · The Young Republic and the War of the Pacific
5 EVENTS
c. 1840s-1870s · The guano boom 1 REF
1879-1883 · War of the Pacific 2 REFS
1780 - 1826 · Rebellion and Independence
5 EVENTS
Nov 1780 · Revolt of Tupac Amaru II 2 REFS
28 July 1821 · Independence proclaimed by San Martin 2 REFS
1532 - 1780 · Conquest and the Viceroyalty of Peru
5 EVENTS
16 Nov 1532 · Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca 2 REFS
29 Aug 1533 · Execution of Atahualpa 2 REFS
c. 1200 - 1532 · The Inca Empire of Tawantinsuyu
4 EVENTS
c. 1438 CE · Pachacuti transforms the Inca state 2 REFS
c. 1471-1493 · Empire at its height 2 REFS
c. 3000 BCE - c. 1000 CE · Caral and the Great Andean Civilisations
4 EVENTS
c. 3000-1800 BCE · The Sacred City of Caral-Supe 2 REFS
c. 900 BCE · Rise of Chavin de Huantar 2 REFS
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EVERY ERA, EVENT AND REFERENCE ON ONE PAGE
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Quick facts · atlas reference
Capital
Lima
Population
31 m
Area
1,285,216 km²
Region
South America
Languages
Aymara, Quechua, Spanish
Currency
Peruvian sol (S/.)
Demonym
Peruvian
UN member
Yes
Dossier · press a specimen — it turns over

Economy

GDP
$335 B’25 WB-WDI
GDP per capita
$9,684’25 WB-WDI
GDP growth
3.4%’25 WB-WDI
Inflation
1.5%’25 WB-WDI
Trade openness
51.8%’25 WB-WDI

Society

Population
35 m’25 WB-WDI
Life expectancy
77.9 yrs’24 WB-WDI
Urban population
85.6%’25 WB-WDI
Fertility rate
2.0’24 WB-WDI
Literacy rate
93.7%’24 WB-WDI

Governance

Voice & accountability
57.6’24 WB-WGI
Political stability
54.7’24 WB-WGI
Government effectiveness
47.4’24 WB-WGI
Regulatory quality
56.2’24 WB-WGI
Rule of law
48.3’24 WB-WGI
Control of corruption
33.3’24 WB-WGI

Health

Health spending
5.6%’23 WB-WHO
Physicians
1.69’23 WB-WHO
Under-5 mortality
12.9’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Measles immunisation
89.0%’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Safe drinking water
49.4%’24 WB-WHO

Education

Adult literacy
93.7%’24 WB-UNESCO
Education spending
4.4%’24 WB-UNESCO
Primary enrolment
112.8%’24 WB-UNESCO
Secondary enrolment
108.3%’24 WB-UNESCO
Tertiary enrolment
71.2%’17 WB-UNESCO

Technology

R&D spending
0.2%’23 WB-UNESCO
Internet users
82.0%’24 WB-ITU
Mobile subscriptions
125’24 WB-ITU
High-tech exports
5.2%’24 WB-WDI

Geography

Land area
1,280,000 km²’23 WB-WDI
Forest area
56.1%’23 WB-WDI
Agricultural land
19.1%’23 WB-WDI
CO₂ per capita (t)
2.0’24 WB-WDI
Renewable energy
30.6%’21 WB-WDI

Resources

Resource rents
12.7%’21 WB-WDI
Oil rents
0.2%’21 WB-WDI
Mineral rents
12.1%’21 WB-WDI
Forest rents
0.1%’21 WB-WDI
Electricity access
96.5%’24 WB-WDI
Copper (mined)
2.7 Mt’25 USGS-MCS
Iron ore
21 Mt’25 USGS-MCS
Gold (mined)
110 t’25 USGS-MCS
Zinc (mined)
1.5 Mt’25 USGS-MCS
Phosphate rock
4.8 Mt’25 USGS-MCS

Military

Military burden
0.9%’24 WB-SIPRI
Defense spending
$2.6 B’24 WB-SIPRI
Armed forces
158,000’20 WB-SIPRI

A hatched gap has no underside — there is nothing to turn over. Absence is stated, never zeroed.

The record · what changed here
EVERY CLAIM SOURCED
ABSENCE ≠ ZERO
NO SIDES