← THE SECTION CUT · EUROPE

Romania

46.0N 25.0E · 29 EVENTS · 9 DOMAINS
THE UNION OF THE PRINCIPALITIES UNDER ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA · 1859
▼ PULL DOWN TO EXTRACT THE CORE
1989 – present · Revolution, democracy and the European turn
5 EVENTS
Dec 1989 · The Romanian Revolution 1 REF
27 Aug 1991 · Moldova's independence and the Romanian bond 2 REFS
1938 – 1989 · Dismemberment, the Second World War and communist rule
5 EVENTS
28 Jun 1940 · Soviet seizure of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina 2 REFS
20 Nov 1940 · Romania joins the Axis 2 REFS
1914 – 1938 · Greater Romania: the Great War and the union of Transylvania
4 EVENTS
1916 · Romania enters the First World War 1 REF
1918 · Greater Romania 2 REFS
1859 – 1914 · Union, independence and the Kingdom of Romania
4 EVENTS
Jan 1859 · Union of the Principalities 1 REF
1878 · Independence recognised at the Congress of Berlin 2 REFS
c. 1300 – 1821 · Wallachia, Moldavia and the Ottoman centuries
6 EVENTS
10 Jan 1475 · Stephen the Great's victory at Vaslui 2 REFS
1711–1821 · The Phanariot regime 2 REFS
c. 1st century BCE – 271 CE · Dacia and Rome: the Latin foundation
5 EVENTS
1st century BCE · The Dacian kingdom 2 REFS
106 CE · Conquest of Dacia and the Roman province 3 REFS
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EVERY ERA, EVENT AND REFERENCE ON ONE PAGE
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Quick facts · atlas reference
Capital
Bucharest
Population
22 m
Area
238,391 km²
Region
Southeast Europe
Languages
Romanian
Currency
Romanian leu (lei)
Demonym
Romanian
UN member
Yes
Dossier · press a specimen — it turns over

Economy

GDP
$429 B’25 WB-WDI
GDP per capita
$22,538’25 WB-WDI
GDP growth
0.7%’25 WB-WDI
Inflation
7.2%’25 WB-WDI
Trade openness
76.2%’25 WB-WDI

Society

Population
19 m’25 WB-WDI
Life expectancy
76.5 yrs’24 WB-WDI
Urban population
52.2%’25 WB-WDI
Fertility rate
1.4’24 WB-WDI
Literacy rate
99.2%’21 WB-WDI

Governance

Voice & accountability
63.6’24 WB-WGI
Political stability
68.6’24 WB-WGI
Government effectiveness
59.5’24 WB-WGI
Regulatory quality
60.9’24 WB-WGI
Rule of law
63.4’24 WB-WGI
Control of corruption
48.4’24 WB-WGI

Health

Health spending
5.7%’23 WB-WHO
Physicians
3.63’22 WB-WHO
Under-5 mortality
7.3’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Measles immunisation
78.0%’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Safe drinking water
82.2%’24 WB-WHO

Education

Adult literacy
99.2%’21 WB-UNESCO
Education spending
3.3%’22 WB-UNESCO
Primary enrolment
84.9%’23 WB-UNESCO
Secondary enrolment
81.6%’23 WB-UNESCO
Tertiary enrolment
55.2%’23 WB-UNESCO

Technology

R&D spending
0.5%’23 WB-UNESCO
Researchers (per million)
1,082’23 WB-UNESCO
Internet users
91.3%’24 WB-ITU
Mobile subscriptions
120’24 WB-ITU
High-tech exports
13.4%’24 WB-WDI

Geography

Land area
230,080 km²’23 WB-WDI
Forest area
30.1%’23 WB-WDI
Agricultural land
55.3%’23 WB-WDI
CO₂ per capita (t)
3.7’24 WB-WDI
Renewable energy
23.6%’21 WB-WDI

Resources

Resource rents
1.1%’21 WB-WDI
Oil rents
0.4%’21 WB-WDI
Mineral rents
0.0%’21 WB-WDI
Forest rents
0.2%’21 WB-WDI
Electricity access
100.0%’24 WB-WDI

Military

Military burden
2.3%’24 WB-SIPRI
Defense spending
$8.7 B’24 WB-SIPRI
Armed forces
128,000’20 WB-SIPRI

A hatched gap has no underside — there is nothing to turn over. Absence is stated, never zeroed.

The record · what changed here
EVERY CLAIM SOURCED
ABSENCE ≠ ZERO
NO SIDES