← THE SECTION CUT · ASIA

Turkmenistan

40.0N 60.0E · 21 EVENTS · 9 DOMAINS
INDEPENDENCE OF TURKMENISTAN · 27 OCTOBER 1991
▼ PULL DOWN TO EXTRACT THE CORE
1991 – present · Independence and the Neutral Republic
5 EVENTS
27 October 1991 · Independence declared 2 REFS
12 December 1995 · Permanent neutrality recognised by the UN 2 REFS
1885 – 1991 · Soviet Turkmenistan
4 EVENTS
1924 · Creation of the Turkmen SSR 2 REFS
late 1920s–1930s · Collectivisation and cotton 2 REFS
1221 – 1885 · The Turkmen Tribes and the Russian Conquest
4 EVENTS
18th century · Magtymguly Pyragy and Turkmen poetry 2 REFS
January 1881 · Battle of Geok Tepe 2 REFS
224 – 1221 · Merv: Silk Road City and Seljuk Capital
4 EVENTS
c. 651 CE · Merv under the Arab caliphate 2 REFS
1118–1157 · Merv as Seljuk capital under Sultan Sanjar 2 REFS
c. 2300 BCE – 224 CE · Ancient Oases: Margiana and Parthian Nisa
4 EVENTS
c. 2300 BCE · The Margiana oasis civilisation (BMAC) 2 REFS
c. 247 BCE · Rise of the Parthian Empire 2 REFS
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EVERY ERA, EVENT AND REFERENCE ON ONE PAGE
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Quick facts · atlas reference
Capital
Ashgabat
Population
5.4 m
Area
488,100 km²
Region
Central Asia
Languages
Russian, Turkmen
Currency
Turkmenistan manat (m)
Demonym
Turkmen
UN member
Yes
Dossier · press a specimen — it turns over

Economy

GDP
$50 B’25 WB-WDI
GDP per capita
$6,540’25 WB-WDI
GDP growth
6.3%’25 WB-WDI
Trade openness
28.2%’25 WB-WDI

Society

Population
7.6 m’25 WB-WDI
Life expectancy
70.2 yrs’24 WB-WDI
Urban population
47.1%’25 WB-WDI
Fertility rate
2.7’24 WB-WDI
Literacy rate
99.9%’22 WB-WDI

Governance

Voice & accountability
21.1’24 WB-WGI
Political stability
70.1’24 WB-WGI
Government effectiveness
30.7’24 WB-WGI
Regulatory quality
28.2’24 WB-WGI
Rule of law
32.6’24 WB-WGI
Control of corruption
21.6’24 WB-WGI

Health

Health spending
5.5%’23 WB-WHO
Physicians
1.93’23 WB-WHO
Under-5 mortality
39.0’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Measles immunisation
99.0%’24 WB-UNICEF-WHO
Safe drinking water
94.9%’24 WB-WHO

Education

Adult literacy
99.9%’22 WB-UNESCO
Education spending
4.3%’24 WB-UNESCO
Primary enrolment
95.7%’24 WB-UNESCO
Secondary enrolment
94.6%’24 WB-UNESCO
Tertiary enrolment
20.4%’24 WB-UNESCO

Technology

R&D spending
0.1%’23 WB-UNESCO
Internet users
18.0%’16 WB-ITU
Mobile subscriptions
88’21 WB-ITU

Geography

Land area
469,930 km²’23 WB-WDI
Forest area
8.8%’23 WB-WDI
Agricultural land
84.2%’23 WB-WDI
CO₂ per capita (t)
10.9’24 WB-WDI
Renewable energy
0.1%’21 WB-WDI

Resources

Resource rents
13.5%’19 WB-WDI
Oil rents
5.8%’19 WB-WDI
Mineral rents
0.0%’19 WB-WDI
Forest rents
0.0%’19 WB-WDI
Electricity access
100.0%’24 WB-WDI

Military

Armed forces
57,000’20 WB-SIPRI

A hatched gap has no underside — there is nothing to turn over. Absence is stated, never zeroed.

The record · what changed here
EVERY CLAIM SOURCED
ABSENCE ≠ ZERO
NO SIDES