# Turkmenistan — national dossier Turkmenistan — economy, society, governance, health, education, technology, geography, resources and military in one sourced dossier: 39 indicators, each… Canonical: https://terralore.co/country/TKM Updated: 2026-08-14 (latest domain refresh; each figure carries its own observation year) ## Overview - Official name: Turkmenistan - Capital: Ashgabat - Region: Central Asia, Asia - Population: 5.4 m - Area: 488,100 km² - Languages: Russian, Turkmen - Currency: Turkmenistan manat (TMT) A "—" is an absence in the source data, never a zero. Each figure shows the year it was observed — vintages differ by indicator and nation. ## Economy | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | GDP | $50 B | 2025 | World Development Indicators | | GDP per capita | $6,540 | 2025 | World Development Indicators | | GDP growth | 6.3% | 2025 | World Development Indicators | | Trade openness | 28.2% | 2025 | World Development Indicators | ## Society | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Population | 7.6 m | 2025 | World Development Indicators | | Life expectancy | 70.2 yrs | 2024 | World Development Indicators | | Urban population | 47.1% | 2025 | World Development Indicators | | Fertility rate | 2.7 | 2024 | World Development Indicators | | Literacy rate | 99.9% | 2022 | World Development Indicators | ## Governance | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Voice & accountability | 21.1 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | | Political stability | 70.1 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | | Government effectiveness | 30.7 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | | Regulatory quality | 28.2 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | | Rule of law | 32.6 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | | Control of corruption | 21.6 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) | ## Health | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Health spending | 5.5% | 2023 | Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) | | Physicians | 1.93 | 2023 | Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) | | Under-5 mortality | 39.0 | 2024 | Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) | | Measles immunisation | 99.0% | 2024 | Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) | | Safe drinking water | 94.9% | 2024 | Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) | ## Education | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Adult literacy | 99.9% | 2022 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | | Education spending | 4.3% | 2024 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | | Primary enrolment | 95.7% | 2024 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | | Secondary enrolment | 94.6% | 2024 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | | Tertiary enrolment | 20.4% | 2024 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | ## Technology | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | R&D spending | 0.1% | 2023 | R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) | | Internet users | 18.0% | 2016 | ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) | | Mobile subscriptions | 88 | 2021 | ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) | ## Geography | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Land area | 469,930 km² | 2023 | World Development Indicators | | Forest area | 8.8% | 2023 | World Development Indicators | | Agricultural land | 84.2% | 2023 | World Development Indicators | | CO₂ per capita (t) | 10.9 | 2024 | World Development Indicators | | Renewable energy | 0.1% | 2021 | World Development Indicators | ## Resources | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Resource rents | 13.5% | 2019 | World Development Indicators | | Oil rents | 5.8% | 2019 | World Development Indicators | | Mineral rents | 0.0% | 2019 | World Development Indicators | | Forest rents | 0.0% | 2019 | World Development Indicators | | Electricity access | 100.0% | 2024 | World Development Indicators | ## Military | Metric | Value | Observed | Source | |---|---|---|---| | Armed forces | 57,000 | 2020 | Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) | Every metric above is also ranked across all nations: https://terralore.co/rankings (markdown twins at /rankings/.md). Machine-readable claims — every figure above as an addressable claim ID (TL:TKM::) with value, source, license and a ready citation string: https://terralore.co/country/TKM.claims.json History: "From the Bronze Age oases of Margiana and Parthian Nisa, through Silk Road Merv and the Turkmen tribes, to Russian conquest, Soviet cotton and a neutral, gas-rich republic." — the sourced chronicle is at https://terralore.co/country/TKM/chronicle.md (5 eras, 21 events). ## Sources - World Development Indicators — World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://data.worldbank.org - Worldwide Governance Indicators (via World Bank API) — Worldwide Governance Indicators / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators - Global Health Observatory (WHO, via World Bank WDI) — WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://www.who.int/data/gho - Child mortality & immunisation estimates (UN IGME and WHO/UNICEF, via World Bank WDI) — UNICEF and WHO / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://childmortality.org - R&D statistics (UNESCO UIS, via World Bank WDI) — UNESCO Institute for Statistics / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://uis.unesco.org - ICT indicators (ITU, via World Bank WDI) — ITU / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics - Military Expenditure Database (via World Development Indicators) — SIPRI / World Bank · CC BY 4.0 · accessed 2026-08-14 · https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex Citation template: Terralore, "Turkmenistan — national dossier", terralore.co/country/TKM, retrieved .