8 records
Africa
- COG
Congo · Colonisation · September 1880
Brazza's treaty with Makoko
In September 1880 Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signed a treaty with the Teke ruler Makoko Iloo I, placing his lands under French protection and securing France's claim to the north bank of the Congo River.
Brazza, Brazzaville, and the colony of Middle Congo
Sources: Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (Wikipedia) · Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (GlobalSecurity.org) · Iloo I (Makoko of the Teke) (Wikipedia)
- COG
Congo · Formation · 10 September 1880
Founding of Brazzaville at Nkuna
Brazza founded a French post at the village of Nkuna (Mfoa) on the north bank of Stanley Pool on 10 September 1880; held by Sergeant Malamine Camara, it was named Brazzaville and became the centre of French rule.
Brazza, Brazzaville, and the colony of Middle Congo
Sources: Brazzaville (Wikipedia) · Brazzaville, Congo (1880– ) (BlackPast.org) · Malamine Camara (Wikipedia)
- SWZ
Eswatini · Colonisation · 1880s
The concessions era
Mbandzeni grants extensive land, grazing and mineral concessions to Boer and British fortune-seekers, ceding control over most of the kingdom's land and resources.
The Concessions Era and Foreign Control
Sources: Mbandzeni (Dlamini IV) (Wikipedia) · Swaziland — History (Nations Encyclopedia) · History of Eswatini (Wikipedia)
- LSO
Lesotho · War & Rupture
The Gun War
The Basotho rebel against Cape disarmament and taxation; they retain their guns and effectively repudiate Cape authority.
Basutoland: Protectorate and the Gun War
Sources: Gun War (1880–81) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Basuto Gun War (Wikipedia) · History of Lesotho (Wikipedia)
North America
- PAN
Panama · Economy & Trade · 1880-1889
French canal attempt fails
Ferdinand de Lesseps's company begins a sea-level canal but is defeated by disease and cost, collapsing in financial scandal.
A Province of Colombia
Sources: Building the Panama Canal, 1903-1914 (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian) · Panama (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- ARG
Argentina · Peoples & Migration · 1880-1914
Mass European immigration
Some four million immigrants, chiefly Italians and Spaniards, arrive to settle and work the land, so that by 1914 nearly a third of Argentines are foreign-born.
Civil Wars, Unification and the Liberal Republic
Sources: Argentina (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Great European immigration wave to Argentina (Wikipedia)
- ECU
Ecuador · Economy & Trade · c. 1880-1915
The cacao boom
Ecuador becomes the world's leading cacao exporter, enriching the coastal elite of Guayaquil and shifting wealth and power toward the coast.
Cacao, Liberals and Bananas
Sources: History of Ecuador (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Oceania
- NCL
New Caledonia · Economy & Trade
Nickel mining begins
The Société Le Nickel began industrial exploitation of New Caledonia's nickel — among the largest deposits in the world — making mining the economic engine that drew settlers and accelerated Kanak dispossession.
Annexation, the Bagne and Nickel
Sources: New Caledonia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · New Caledonia — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
8 records
Africa
- GIN
Guinea · War & Rupture
Capture of Kankan
Samori takes control of the major Dyula trading centre of Kankan on the upper Milo, a hub of the kola-nut trade.
Samori Touré and the Resistance to France
Sources: Guinea — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Samori Ture (Wikipedia)
- SDN
Sudan · Religion
Muhammad Ahmad proclaims himself the Mahdi
A religious teacher declares himself the awaited redeemer and launches a holy war against Turco-Egyptian rule.
Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt
Sources: Mahdist State (Wikipedia) · Battle of Omdurman (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- TUN
Tunisia · Colonisation · 12 May 1881
Treaty of Bardo
The bey signs the Treaty of Bardo, placing Tunisia under a French protectorate.
French Protectorate & Independence
Sources: Treaty of Bardo (1881) (Wikipedia) · French protectorate of Tunisia (Wikipedia)
Asia
- TKM
Turkmenistan · War & Rupture · January 1881
Battle of Geok Tepe
General Mikhail Skobelev stormed the Teke Turkmen fortress of Geok Tepe by detonating a mine under its walls; the assault and ensuing massacre of thousands broke Turkmen resistance and secured Russian control of Transcaspia.
The Turkmen Tribes and the Russian Conquest
Sources: Battle of Gök-Tepe (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Turkmenistan — Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Europe
- KOS
Kosovo · Politics & Power
Suppression of the League
After resisting territorial transfers to Montenegro and Greece, the League of Prizren was suppressed by the Ottoman authorities, but it had laid the foundation of the Albanian national movement.
Ottoman Rule and the Albanian National Awakening
Sources: Albanian League (League of Prizren, 1878) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ROU
North America
- SLV
El Salvador · Economy & Trade · 1881-1882
Communal lands abolished
Laws abolishing communal and Indigenous landholding open the highlands to coffee estates, dispossessing peasant communities and entrenching a landed oligarchy.
Independence and the Coffee Republic
Sources: El Salvador: A coffee republic (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- CHL
Chile · War & Rupture · 1880-1883
Pacification of Araucania
After three centuries of independence, the Chilean state subdues the Mapuche south of the Biobio by military campaign and opens their territory to settlement.
The Nitrate Age and the Twentieth Century
Sources: History of Chile (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Araucanian wars (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
4 records
Africa
- EGY
Egypt · Colonisation
British occupation begins
Britain defeats the Urabi revolt and occupies Egypt, taking effective control of the country while leaving the khedive nominally in place.
Ottoman Rule, Muhammad Ali and British Occupation
Sources: Egypt: Ottoman administration (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Asia
- PSE
Palestine · Peoples & Migration · 1882 onward
First waves of Zionist immigration
From the 1880s organised Jewish immigration (the aliyot) began establishing agricultural colonies in Ottoman Palestine, driven by persecution in Europe and an emerging national idea.
Ottoman Palestine
Sources: Palestine - region, history (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem, Part I (1917-1947) (United Nations)
Oceania
- FJI
Fiji · Politics & Power
Capital moves to Suva
The colonial capital is relocated from Levuka on Ovalau to Suva on Viti Levu, the larger harbour that remains Fiji's capital.
Cession, Colony & the Girmitiyas
Sources: Levuka Historical Port Town (World Heritage List) (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- NZL
New Zealand · Economy & Trade
First refrigerated meat shipment
The first cargo of frozen meat sailed from New Zealand to Britain, launching the refrigerated export trade in meat and dairy that would underpin the country's economy for a century.
Colony, women's suffrage, and Dominion
Sources: New Zealand (country) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
2 records
Africa
- SEN
Senegal · Religion · c. 1883
Amadou Bamba founds the Mourides
Cheikh Amadou Bamba establishes the Mouride Sufi brotherhood, later founding the holy city of Touba in 1887 and preaching nonviolence and work.
French Conquest, the Four Communes and the Marabouts
Sources: Amadou Bamba (Wikipedia)
South America
- PER
Peru · Politics & Power · 20 Oct 1883
Treaty of Ancon
Peru cedes Tarapaca to Chile and loses control of Tacna and Arica, a humiliating settlement whose final terms were not fixed until 1929.
The Young Republic and the War of the Pacific
Sources: War of the Pacific (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
14 records
Africa
- CMR
Cameroon · Colonisation · 12 July 1884
Douala treaty and German protectorate
The Douala kings Bell and Akwa signed a treaty of protection with German agents; Gustav Nachtigal then proclaimed a German protectorate over Kamerun, beginning colonial rule.
German Kamerun
Sources: History of Cameroon (Wikipedia) · Cameroon (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · A Guide to the History of Recognition: Cameroon (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian)
- DJI
Djibouti · Colonisation
Lagarde extends French control
Léonce Lagarde is sent to oversee French interests; treaties with Afar and Somali rulers over the following years extend a French protectorate around the Gulf of Tadjoura.
The French Foothold and the Founding of Djibouti
Sources: Léonce Lagarde (Wikipedia) · Djibouti (country and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GIN
Guinea · Colonisation
Founding of Conakry
The French establish Conakry on the Atlantic coast; it becomes the capital of the colony of French Guinea.
French Guinea
Sources: French Guinea (Wikipedia) · Conakry (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GIN
Guinea · Religion · July 1884
Islam proclaimed state religion; Samori takes the title almami
Samori formally adopts Islam as the religion of his empire and assumes the title of almami, fusing political and religious authority.
Samori Touré and the Resistance to France
Sources: Samori Ture (Wikipedia)
- LSO
Lesotho · Colonisation
Return to direct British rule
Unable to control the territory, the Cape gives it up; Basutoland reverts to direct rule from Britain under a resident commissioner.
Basutoland: Protectorate and the Gun War
Sources: Gun War (1880–81) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Lesotho (Wikipedia)
- MOZ
Mozambique · Colonisation · 1884–1885
Berlin Conference and the scramble
The Berlin Conference requires Portugal to occupy the territory it claims, spurring a drive to subdue the Mozambican interior.
Prazos, the Gaza Empire and Conquest
Sources: Mozambique (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Mozambique (Wikipedia)
- NAM
Namibia · Colonisation
Germany declares a protectorate
Following Adolf Lüderitz's purchase at Angra Pequena in 1883, Bismarck declared a German protectorate over the territory in 1884, founding the colony of German South West Africa.
German South West Africa and the genocide of the Herero and Nama
Sources: Namibia (country, history and government) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Namibia (Wikipedia)
- SOM
Somalia · Colonisation · 1884–1888
British Somaliland protectorate
Britain signs treaties with northern Somali clans and establishes a protectorate over the northern coast to safeguard supplies for Aden, creating British Somaliland.
Colonial Partition and the Dervish Resistance
Sources: Somalia (country and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · British Somaliland (Wikipedia)
- SOL
Somaliland · Colonisation · 1880s
Britain establishes the Somaliland Protectorate
Through protection treaties signed with northern Somali clans from the 1880s, Britain established a protectorate over the coast to safeguard the sea route to India, administered separately from Italian Somaliland to the south.
The British Somaliland Protectorate
Sources: British Somaliland (Wikipedia) · British Somaliland: The Protectorate on the Horn of Africa (World History Encyclopedia)
- TGO
Togo · Colonisation · 5 July 1884
Nachtigal proclaims a protectorate
Gustav Nachtigal signed a protectorate treaty on the coast, associated with a ruler styled Mlapa, declaring German authority over the shore — the founding act of the colony of Togoland.
German Togoland, the 'model colony'
Sources: Togoland (Wikipedia) · Togo (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Gustav Nachtigal (Wikipedia)
- TGO
Togo · Colonisation · 1884–85
The Berlin Conference recognises Togoland
At the Berlin Conference the European powers laid down rules for partitioning Africa and recognised the German protectorate that became the colony of Togoland.
German Togoland, the 'model colony'
Sources: Togoland (Wikipedia) · Togo (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- DEU
Germany · Colonisation · 1884–1885
German colonial expansion
Germany acquired colonies in Africa and the Pacific, a latecomer's empire whose rule, including the genocide of the Herero and Nama in South West Africa, left a brutal legacy.
The German Empire and the First World War
Sources: Germany (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NOR
Norway · Politics & Power
Parliamentarism and the consular dispute
The introduction of parliamentary government strengthened the Storting, while the conflict with Sweden over Norway's right to its own consular service drove the two countries apart.
Eidsvoll, the Union with Sweden and National Awakening
Sources: Norway: The union conflict, 1859–1905 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Oceania
- PNG
Papua New Guinea · Colonisation · November 1884
The island is partitioned
Germany proclaimed a protectorate over the north-east (German New Guinea) and Britain over the southern coast (British New Guinea) within days of each other, splitting eastern New Guinea between two empires.
European contact and colonial partition
Sources: Papua New Guinea — The colonial period (Encyclopædia Britannica) · British New Guinea and German New Guinea (The National Archives (UK))
17 records
Africa
- AGO
Angola · Colonisation · 1884–1885
Berlin Conference and the Scramble
The Berlin Conference required Portugal to demonstrate effective occupation of Angola, spurring the military campaigns that would subdue the independent interior kingdoms.
The slow conquest of the interior
Sources: Portuguese Angola (Wikipedia) · Angola — Colonialism, Independence, Civil War (history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- BWA
Botswana · Colonisation · 31 March 1885
Bechuanaland Protectorate declared
After Sir Charles Warren's expedition, Britain proclaims a protectorate over the territory north of the Molopo to check Boer and German expansion.
The Bechuanaland Protectorate
Sources: Bechuanaland Protectorate (Wikipedia) · Botswana — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- COG
Congo · Colonisation · 1884–1885
Berlin Conference divides the two Congos
The Berlin Conference recognised French claims north of the Congo River and assigned the south bank to Leopold II's Congo Free State, fixing the lasting division between the Republic of the Congo and the future Democratic Republic.
Brazza, Brazzaville, and the colony of Middle Congo
Sources: Republic of the Congo (Encyclopædia Britannica) · History of the Republic of the Congo (Wikipedia)
- COD
DR Congo · Colonisation
Congo Free State proclaimed
Following the Berlin Conference, Leopold II establishes the Congo Free State as his personal possession, recognised by the European powers.
The Congo Free State
Sources: Congo Free State (Wikipedia) · Congo Free State (1885–1908) (BlackPast.org) · Leopold II, king of the Belgians (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- ERI
Eritrea · Colonisation
Italy occupies Massawa
As Egypt withdraws amid the Mahdist crisis, Italian troops occupy Massawa, the key port of the coast, beginning Italy's drive to build a colony.
Ottomans, Egyptians and the Contested Coast
Sources: Italian Eritrea (Wikipedia) · Massawa (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SDS
South Sudan · War & Rupture
Mahdist revolt and the fall of Khartoum
The Mahdist uprising overruns Sudan and captures Khartoum, ending Turco-Egyptian rule and bringing further upheaval to the southern Nile peoples.
Conquest, Ivory and the Slave Raids
Sources: Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SDN
Sudan · War & Rupture · 26 January 1885
Fall of Khartoum; death of Gordon
Mahdist forces storm Khartoum after a long siege and kill General Charles Gordon; the Mahdi dies months later.
Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt
Sources: Mahdist State (Wikipedia) · Siege of Khartoum (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- TZA
Tanzania · Colonisation
Germany establishes German East Africa
Following Carl Peters's treaties, the German government charters his company, founding the colony of German East Africa over the Tanzanian mainland and the Great Lakes territories.
German East Africa and the British Mandate
Sources: German East Africa (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · German East Africa (World History Encyclopedia)
- UGA
Uganda · Religion · 1885–1887
Killing of the Uganda Martyrs
Mwanga II executes some forty-five Catholic and Anglican converts who refuse to renounce their faith; twenty-two Catholic victims were later canonised as saints.
Traders, Missionaries and the Uganda Martyrs
Sources: Martyrs of Uganda (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uganda Martyrs (Wikipedia)
Asia
- MMR
Myanmar · Colonisation · November 1885
Third Anglo-Burmese War and the end of the monarchy
Britain takes Mandalay, exiles King Thibaw, and annexes Upper Burma on 1 January 1886, abolishing the Burmese monarchy and completing the conquest.
The Anglo-Burmese Wars and British Rule
Sources: Anglo-Burmese Wars (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Myanmar: The British in Burma, 1885-1948 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- TWN
- TKM
Turkmenistan · Colonisation
Russian annexation completed
Following Geok Tepe, the Transcaspian region was annexed as part of the Russian Empire, completing the conquest of the lands of modern Turkmenistan.
The Turkmen Tribes and the Russian Conquest
Sources: Turkmenistan — Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Turkmenistan: A Country Study (in 'Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies') (Library of Congress, Federal Research Division)
Europe
- BEL
Belgium · Colonisation
Foundation of the Congo Free State
After winning recognition at the Berlin Conference, Leopold II proclaimed the Congo Free State as his private possession, a regime whose forced labour and atrocities caused massive loss of life.
Leopold II, the Congo, and the Curiosities of the Border
Sources: Congo Free State (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Leopold II, king of Belgium (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- BGR
Bulgaria · Formation · Sep 1885
Unification with Eastern Rumelia
A bloodless revolution united the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia with the Principality of Bulgaria; Bulgaria secured the union by defeating Serbia in the ensuing war, recovering part of the San Stefano territory.
San Stefano, Berlin and the Making of Modern Bulgaria
Sources: Bulgaria: Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bulgaria: Ottoman rule, National Revival and the end of the 19th century (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- CAN
Canada · Economy & Trade · 7 November 1885
Canadian Pacific Railway completed
The driving of the last spike at Craigellachie completed the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway, binding the new nation together and fulfilling a promise made to British Columbia at Confederation.
Confederation and nation-building across the continent
Sources: Canada (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Confederation (The Canadian Encyclopedia)
- CAN
Canada · War & Rupture
North-West Resistance and the execution of Riel
Métis and First Nations grievances on the prairies erupted in the North-West Resistance; its defeat and the hanging of Louis Riel deepened the divide between French and English Canada.
Confederation and nation-building across the continent
Sources: Canada (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- FLK
Falkland Islands · Peoples & Migration
A self-supporting wool colony
By 1885 a British community of some 1,800 people on the islands was self-supporting, sustained mainly by sheep farming and wool exports.
The Pastoral Colony of Sheep and Wool
Sources: Falkland Islands — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
6 records
Africa
- COM
Comoros · Colonisation
Protectorates over the three islands
France establishes protectorates over Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli, dealing with sultans including Said Ali bin Said Omar of Grande Comore.
French Colonisation
Sources: History of the Comoros (Wikipedia) · Said Ali bin Said Omar of Grande Comore (Wikipedia) · Comoros: History (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- ETH
Ethiopia · Formation
Founding of Addis Ababa
Menelik II and Empress Taytu establish a new capital, Addis Ababa ('New Flower'), which becomes the permanent seat of the empire and later a diplomatic hub of Africa.
Menelik II, Adwa and the Defeat of Colonisation
Sources: Ethiopia (country overview) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ZAF
South Africa · Economy & Trade
Gold found on the Witwatersrand
The discovery of the world's largest goldfield on the Witwatersrand created Johannesburg, transformed the Transvaal's wealth, and entrenched a segregated migrant-labour system.
Diamonds, gold, the South African War and Union
Sources: South Africa: Diamonds, gold and imperialist intervention (1870–1902) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Grade 8 – Topic 2 – The Mineral Revolution in South Africa (South African History Online)
- UGA
Uganda · Religion · 3 June 1886
Martyrdom of Charles Lwanga
Kabaka Mwanga II has Charles Lwanga and a group of Christian pages burned to death at Namugongo, the most notorious episode in the killing of the Uganda Martyrs of 1885–87.
Traders, Missionaries and the Uganda Martyrs
Sources: Martyrs of Uganda (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uganda Martyrs (Wikipedia)
Europe
- IRL
Ireland · Politics & Power · 1886 & 1893
The Home Rule bills
Under Parnell's pressure the Liberal government introduced Home Rule bills in 1886 and 1893 to give Ireland self-government within the UK; both were defeated, but Home Rule became the central Irish demand.
Union, Famine and the National Movement
Sources: Charles Stewart Parnell and the Home Rule Movement (University of Delaware Library (Easter Rising exhibition))
South America
- COL
Colombia · Politics & Power · 1886 CE
The Constitution of 1886
A Conservative-led charter creates a centralised Republic of Colombia with a strong presidency and a renewed alliance with the Catholic Church.
Partisan Wars and the Loss of Panama
Sources: History of Colombia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
3 records
Africa
- GIN
Guinea · Politics & Power · 1886–1887
Treaties with France
Samori signs agreements with France, including the Treaty of Bissandougou in 1887, as he manoeuvres between negotiation and war against colonial expansion.
Samori Touré and the Resistance to France
Sources: Samori Ture (Wikipedia)
Asia
- KHM
Cambodia · Colonisation · 1887 CE
Cambodia joined to French Indochina
Cambodia is incorporated into the colonial federation of French Indochina, its monarchy preserved as a figurehead while the French administer the country.
Decline, Foreign Pressure, and the French Protectorate
Sources: Cambodia Gains Independence from France (EBSCO Research Starters) · Cambodia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- VNM
Vietnam · Colonisation · 17 October 1887
French Indochina established
France unites Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and Cambodia into the Indochinese Union; Laos is added in 1893, binding Vietnam into a colonial federation centered on Hanoi.
French Indochina
Sources: French Indochina / Conquest of Vietnam (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
5 records
Africa
- DJI
Djibouti · Formation
Founding of Djibouti city
Lagarde founds the port-city of Djibouti on the southern shore of the gulf, with a superior harbour, and transfers the administration there from Obock.
The French Foothold and the Founding of Djibouti
Sources: Léonce Lagarde (Wikipedia) · History of Djibouti (Wikipedia) · Djibouti (country and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ZWE
Zimbabwe · Colonisation · 1888–1890
Rudd Concession and the Pioneer Column
Lobengula signed the 1888 Rudd Concession granting mining rights to Rhodes's agents; Rhodes won a royal charter in 1889 and in 1890 the British South Africa Company's Pioneer Column occupied Mashonaland, raising the flag at Fort Salisbury on 13 September.
The Ndebele kingdom and British conquest
Sources: Zimbabwe: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Lobengula (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Pioneer Column (Wikipedia)
Asia
- BRN
Brunei · Colonisation · 17 September 1888
Brunei becomes a British protectorate
Sultan Hashim signs a treaty placing Brunei under British protection, transferring control of its foreign affairs to Britain while preserving the sultanate from absorption.
Decline, the White Rajahs, and the British Protectorate
Sources: History of Brunei (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Country Facts: Brunei Darussalam (Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations)
South America
- BRA
- BRA
7 records
Africa
- CAF
Central African Republic · Colonisation
France founds Bangui
French forces established a post at Bangui on the Ubangi River, the base from which they extended control over the territory that became the colony of Ubangi-Shari.
Conquest and the Concession Regime
Sources: History of the Central African Republic (Kiddle Encyclopedia) · Central African Republic — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ETH
Ethiopia · Politics & Power
Treaty of Wuchale signed
Menelik signs a treaty with Italy whose divergent Amharic and Italian texts spark a dispute over whether Ethiopia had become an Italian protectorate—setting the stage for war.
Menelik II, Adwa and the Defeat of Colonisation
Sources: Battle of Adwa (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Battle of Adwa (research starter) (EBSCO Research)
- GMB
Gambia · Colonisation · 1889–1890s
Anglo-French agreements draw the enclave
Boundary agreements between Britain and France fixed The Gambia's frontiers as a narrow band following the river, leaving the territory almost entirely surrounded by French Senegal.
The British colony and the river enclave
Sources: History of the Gambia (Wikipedia) · The Gambia (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SOM
Somalia · Colonisation
Italy's protectorates and Italian Somaliland
Italy signs protectorate treaties with the Hobyo and Majeerteen sultanates and occupies the Benadir coast, building up Italian Somaliland in the south; the Benadir colony is formally established in 1905.
Colonial Partition and the Dervish Resistance
Sources: Italian Somaliland (Wikipedia) · Somalia (country and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Asia
- JPN
Japan · Politics & Power · 1889 CE
Meiji Constitution promulgated
Japan adopts a Western-influenced constitution establishing a constitutional monarchy with an imperial parliament, the Diet.
Meiji and Empire: Revolution from Above
Sources: Meiji Restoration (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Japan (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- TTO
Trinidad and Tobago · Formation · 1 January 1889
Tobago united with Trinidad
Britain amalgamated Tobago with the wealthier colony of Trinidad to cut administrative costs; in 1899 Tobago became a ward, creating the single colony of Trinidad and Tobago.
Indenture, oil, and one colony
Sources: Trinidad and Tobago Experience Unification (National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago) · Trinidad and Tobago: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- BRA
Brazil · Politics & Power · 15 Nov 1889
Proclamation of the Republic
A military coup led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposes Pedro II and proclaims the Republic, ending the monarchy.
Independence and the Empire of Brazil
Sources: Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Brazil (Encyclopaedia Britannica)