5 records
Africa
- NEREconomy & Trade
Niger · 19th century
Zinder, a trans-Saharan hub
Damagaram's capital Zinder grew rich astride the desert route linking Tripoli to Kano, becoming a walled and well-armed trading state and one of the strongest powers in the region.
Hausa states, Damagaram and the shadow of Bornu
Sources: Sultanate of Damagaram (Wikipedia) · A history of the Damagaram sultanate of Zinder, ca. 1730–1899 (African History Extra)
- SLEPeoples & Migration
Jamaican Maroons arrive
About 550 Jamaican Maroons, exiled after the Second Maroon War, arrived in Freetown and helped put down a revolt by the Nova Scotian settlers against the Sierra Leone Company.
The Province of Freedom and the founding of Freetown
Sources: Freetown, Sierra Leone (1792– ) (BlackPast.org) · Sierra Leone (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SOMPolitics & Power
Somalia · 18th–19th century
Majeerteen and Hobyo sultanates
In north-eastern Somalia the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) and the Sultanate of Hobyo control the coast and its maritime trade, maintaining centralised authority and treaty relations with outside powers.
The Ajuran, Geledi and Majeerteen Sultanates
Sources: Majeerteen Sultanate (Wikipedia) · The Sultanates of Somalia (Lumen Learning, Early World Civilizations)
Asia
- KWTEconomy & Trade
Kuwait · 18th-19th century
A pearling and trade entrepot
Kuwait grew wealthy as a maritime port, its dhows trading to India and Africa, its shipyards renowned, and its pearling fleets diving the Gulf oyster beds each summer.
The Founding of Kuwait and the Rise of the Al Sabah
Sources: Persian Gulf States: Country Studies (Kuwait) (Library of Congress, Federal Research Division) · The reign of Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British Protectorate (1896-1950) (Fanack)
Oceania
- PNGEconomy & Trade
Papua New Guinea · c. 1800
The Kula ring and the trading seas
Substantial exchange networks operate across New Guinea, the most extensive of them the Kula ring — a ceremonial circuit of shell valuables spanning hundreds of kilometres of open water.
European contact and colonial partition
Sources: Papua New Guinea country profile (BBC News)
6 records
Africa
- LBYWar & Rupture
Libya · 1801–1805
First Barbary War with the United States
Yusuf Karamanli's tribute demands provoke war with the United States; the US Navy blockades Tripoli until a treaty ends the conflict in 1805.
Ottoman Rule and the Karamanli Dynasty
Sources: First Barbary War (Wikipedia) · Karamanli dynasty (Wikipedia)
Asia
- GEOColonisation
Russia annexes Kartli-Kakheti
The Russian Empire unilaterally annexed eastern Georgia and abolished the Bagrationi monarchy, beginning the absorption of the Georgian lands that was completed over the following decades.
Fragmentation, Foreign Pressure and Russian Annexation
Sources: History of Georgia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Treaty of Georgievsk (1783) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- IRLPolitics & Power
Ireland · 1 Jan 1801
Act of Union
The Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Ireland with Great Britain into the United Kingdom on 1 January 1801, abolishing the Irish Parliament and placing Ireland under direct rule from Westminster.
Union, Famine and the National Movement
Sources: Charles Stewart Parnell and the Home Rule Movement (University of Delaware Library (Easter Rising exhibition)) · Irish History Timeline – From 1916 to Today (GPO Witness History Museum, Dublin)
- PRTWar & Rupture
Portugal · 1801 / 1815
The Olivenca dispute
Spain occupied Olivenca in 1801 and acquired it by the Treaty of Badajoz; the Congress of Vienna recommended its return to Portugal in 1815, but the sovereignty remains contested.
Republic, Dictatorship, Revolution and Europe
Sources: Written question on the Olivenca issue (Portugal/Spain) and the Ajuda Bridge, E-1298/2003 (European Parliament / EUR-Lex Official Journal) · Treaty of Alcanices (1297) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ESPWar & Rupture
Spain · 6 Jun 1801
Treaty of Badajoz: Olivenza passes to Spain
After the War of the Oranges Portugal ceded Olivenza to Spain. Spain holds the treaty valid and never revoked; Portugal holds that it was voided by Spain's 1807 invasion and Article 105 of the Congress of Vienna.
Decline, the Bourbons and the Napoleonic Crisis
Sources: Olivenza (Wikipedia)
- GBRFormation
United Kingdom · 1 January 1801
Union with Ireland forms the United Kingdom
The Acts of Union 1800 merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and abolishing the separate Irish parliament.
Empire, industry, and the Victorian age
Sources: Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland (UK Parliament) · Act of Union (United Kingdom, 1801) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
4 records
Asia
- VNMFormation
Vietnam · 1802 CE
Gia Long founds the Nguyen dynasty
Nguyen Anh defeats the Tay Son, reunifies the country, and is crowned emperor as Gia Long at Hue, founding Vietnam's last imperial dynasty.
The Nguyen Dynasty and Expansion South
Sources: Gia Long (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Nguyen dynasty (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- BLZPeoples & Migration
The Garifuna reach the southern coast
The Garifuna (Garinagu), deported by the British from St. Vincent, settled the southern coast around Stann Creek and Punta Gorda; their arrival on 19 November is marked as Garifuna Settlement Day, a national holiday from 1941.
British Honduras and a plural society
Sources: Guyana and Belize: Country Studies (Federal Research Division) (Library of Congress) · History of Belize (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- HTIWar & Rupture
Haiti · 1802 CE
Napoleon's expedition; Toussaint deported
Napoleon sends an army to restore slavery; Toussaint Louverture is seized and deported to France, where he dies in 1803.
The Haitian Revolution and Independence
Sources: Toussaint Louverture (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Haitian Revolution (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- TTOColonisation
Trinidad ceded to Britain by treaty
The Treaty of Amiens confirmed Trinidad as a British colony, beginning more than a century and a half of British rule over the island.
British conquest and the much-contested Tobago
Sources: Trinidad and Tobago: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · T&T History Timeline (National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago)
2 records
Europe
- CHEPolitics & Power
Switzerland · 19 Feb 1803
Napoleon's Act of Mediation
After years of factional strife Napoleon imposed the Act of Mediation, restoring a confederal system and creating six new full cantons, including Vaud and Ticino, while keeping Switzerland tied to France.
The Helvetic Republic, Napoleon and the Recognition of Neutrality
Sources: Helvetic Republic (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- USAPolitics & Power
Louisiana Purchase
The United States bought France's Louisiana territory for $15 million, roughly doubling the nation's size and opening the trans-Mississippi West.
Revolution and the founding of the Republic
Sources: Lewis and Clark Expedition (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
10 records
Africa
- TCDEconomy & Trade
Chad · c. 1804–1815
Wadai's commercial expansion
Under Muhammad Sabun, Wadai expanded and prospered by controlling caravan routes from Abéché north to Benghazi and the east-west trade between Darfur and Bornu.
Baguirmi, Wadai and the Saharan trade
Sources: Wadai (sultanate) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Wadai Sultanate (Wikipedia)
- NERReligion
Niger · early 19th century
Sokoto jihad reshapes the Hausa lands
The Sokoto Caliphate's rise to the south drove Hausa rivals such as Gobir and the Katsina rulers northward into present-day Niger, recasting the politics of the southern savanna.
Hausa states, Damagaram and the shadow of Bornu
Sources: History of Niger (Wikipedia) · Niger (country) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NGAReligion
Usman dan Fodio launches his jihad
The Fulani scholar Usman dan Fodio began a jihad in the Hausa lands, rallying followers against the existing rulers and igniting a religious and political revolution across the north.
The Atlantic slave trade and the Sokoto Caliphate
Sources: Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate): 1804–1903 (BlackPast.org) · Usman dan Fodio (Wikipedia)
Asia
- VNMPolitics & Power
Vietnam · 1804 CE
The name Vietnam adopted
The unified realm is recognized under the name Vietnam, with its capital at Hue and a centralized administration modeled on Qing China.
The Nguyen Dynasty and Expansion South
Sources: Nguyen dynasty (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Vietnam (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- AUTFormation
Austria · 11 Aug 1804
The Empire of Austria proclaimed
In response to Napoleon's imperial coronation, Franz II issued a patent assuming the hereditary title of Emperor of Austria as Franz I, formally constituting the Habsburg lands as an empire.
Maria Theresa, the Empire of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
Sources: The foundation of the Empire of Austria in 1804 (Die Welt der Habsburger (The World of the Habsburgs))
- FRAPolitics & Power
Napoleon crowned Emperor
Bonaparte founds the First Empire and exports the Napoleonic Code across Europe.
Revolution & Empire
Sources: Napoleon I (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- SRBWar & Rupture
Serbia · 1804–1813
First Serbian Uprising
Led by Karađorđe, Serbs rose against Ottoman rule and for nearly a decade governed a self-proclaimed state, the opening act of the Serbian Revolution before its suppression in 1813.
The Serbian Revolution and the Road to Independence
Sources: Karadjordje (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Serbia: The disintegration of Ottoman rule (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- DOMIndependence
Dominican Republic · 1804 CE
Independence of Haiti
After defeating France, the formerly enslaved people of Saint-Domingue proclaim Haiti, the first nation founded by a successful slave revolt, reshaping the whole island.
A Divided Island and the French Era
Sources: Hispaniola (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- HTIIndependence
Haiti · 1 Jan 1804
Independence proclaimed
Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares independence at Gonaives, founding Haiti as the world's first Black republic.
The Haitian Revolution and Independence
Sources: Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Haiti (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Oceania
- FJIEconomy & Trade
Fiji · early 19th century
Sandalwood and bêche-de-mer trades
A sandalwood rush at Bua Bay, then the bêche-de-mer trade with China, draw traders, missionaries and muskets that reshape chiefly power.
European Contact & the Rise of Cakobau
Sources: Fiji — History (Melanesian, Colonialism, Independence) (Encyclopædia Britannica)
1 record
Africa
- EGYPolitics & Power
Muhammad Ali takes power
Recognised as Ottoman governor, Muhammad Ali founds a reforming dynasty and modernises Egypt's army, economy and administration.
Ottoman Rule, Muhammad Ali and British Occupation
Sources: Egypt: Ottoman administration (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
6 records
Africa
- ZAFColonisation
Britain seizes the Cape
British forces occupied the Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars, beginning lasting British rule confirmed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
British rule, the Mfecane, the Zulu kingdom and the Boer republics
Sources: South Africa (country, history and government) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa (South African History Online)
Europe
- AUTPolitics & Power
Austria · 6 Aug 1806
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
Franz II laid down the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved after some thousand years, leaving the Habsburg ruler as Emperor of Austria alone.
Maria Theresa, the Empire of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
Sources: The foundation of the Empire of Austria in 1804 (Die Welt der Habsburger (The World of the Habsburgs))
- DEUPolitics & Power
Germany · 6 Aug 1806
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
Under pressure from Napoleon, Emperor Francis II abdicated the imperial crown and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, ending the medieval framework of German statehood after more than eight centuries.
Prussia, Fragmentation and the Road to Unity
Sources: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- LIEIndependence
Sovereignty through the Confederation of the Rhine
On the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Liechtenstein was admitted to Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, gaining recognised sovereignty and surviving the Napoleonic reordering of Germany.
From the Empire to Sovereignty
Sources: Liechtenstein: History (Alpine, Principality, Sovereignty) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · The History of the Princely House of Liechtenstein (Fürstenhaus von Liechtenstein (official Princely House))
- NLDPolitics & Power
Netherlands · 1806–1810
The Kingdom of Holland under Louis Bonaparte
Napoleon replaces the Batavian Republic with a monarchy under his brother Louis, who learns Dutch and uses the name Lodewijk. The kingdom, the only time 'Holland' was an official national name, ends when Louis abdicates on 1 July 1810 and France absorbs it.
Decline, French Rule and the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Sources: Batavian Republic (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
7 records
Africa
- GMBPolitics & Power
Britain abolishes its slave trade
Britain outlawed its transatlantic slave trade and later built defences such as Fort Bullen at the river mouth to help suppress slaving — among the few regional structures built against the trade rather than for it.
The river, European trade and the Atlantic slave trade
Sources: Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites (UNESCO World Heritage Centre) · Kunta Kinteh Island (Wikipedia)
- GHAPolitics & Power
Britain abolishes its slave trade
Britain outlawed its own transatlantic slave trade and began using naval patrols to suppress the traffic along the West African coast, though illegal slaving persisted for years afterward.
European forts, gold, and the Atlantic slave trade
Sources: Ghana (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Elmina Castle (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NGAPolitics & Power
Britain abolishes its slave trade
Britain outlawed its own transatlantic slave trade and began naval patrols of the West African coast, though illegal slaving from the region continued for decades.
The Atlantic slave trade and the Sokoto Caliphate
Sources: Nigeria (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bight of Biafra (Slavery and Remembrance (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation))
- SLEPolitics & Power
Britain abolishes the slave trade
The British Parliament outlawed the transatlantic slave trade, ending Bunce Island's slave-trading operations and clearing the way for Freetown to become a base for naval suppression of the traffic.
The Atlantic slave trade and Bunce Island
Sources: Sierra Leone (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bloody Bunce: A Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Sierra Leone (Royal Historical Society)
Europe
- DNKWar & Rupture
The bombardment of Copenhagen
To stop the Danish fleet falling to Napoleon, a British force bombarded Copenhagen and carried off the navy, driving Denmark into alliance with France and toward ruin in the Napoleonic Wars.
The Napoleonic Catastrophe and the Birth of Constitutional Denmark
Sources: A Guide to the History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations: Denmark (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian) · Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- PRTWar & Rupture
Portugal · 27 Nov 1807
Court flees to Brazil
As a French army invaded, the prince regent and royal court sailed for Brazil under British escort, moving the seat of the Portuguese monarchy to Rio de Janeiro.
Earthquake, Napoleon and the Loss of Brazil
Sources: Peninsular War (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · John VI, king of Portugal (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GBRPolitics & Power
Abolition of the British slave trade
The Slave Trade Act prohibited the Atlantic slave trade across the British Empire, though it did not free those already enslaved in British colonies.
Empire, industry, and the Victorian age
Sources: Slavery Abolition Act (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
8 records
Africa
- NGAFormation
Nigeria · c. 1808–1815
Founding of the Sokoto Caliphate
Dan Fodio's victories consolidated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast confederation of emirates under Islamic law that became one of nineteenth-century Africa's largest states.
The Atlantic slave trade and the Sokoto Caliphate
Sources: Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate): 1804–1903 (BlackPast.org) · Usman dan Fodio (Wikipedia)
- SLEColonisation
Sierra Leone becomes a Crown Colony
The British Crown took over from the Sierra Leone Company, making Freetown a Crown Colony and the principal base for the Royal Navy's suppression of the Atlantic slave trade.
Crown Colony, Liberated Africans, and the Krio
Sources: Sierra Leone (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone (Wikipedia)
- SLEPeoples & Migration
Sierra Leone · 1808–1860s
The West Africa Squadron frees the recaptives
Courts at Freetown emancipated more than 80,000 'Liberated Africans' rescued from slave ships by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, who were resettled in and around the colony.
Crown Colony, Liberated Africans, and the Krio
Sources: Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone (Wikipedia) · Sierra Leone (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- FINWar & Rupture
Finland · 1808–1809
The Finnish War and the end of Swedish rule
Russia conquered Finland from Sweden in the war of 1808-09, ending some six centuries during which Finland had formed the eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden.
The Finnic Peoples and Six Centuries as Part of Sweden
Sources: Finland: Finland under Swedish rule (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Finland (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- PRTWar & Rupture
Portugal · 1808-1814
The Peninsular War
British, Portuguese and Spanish forces fought the French in the Iberian Peninsula, eventually expelling Napoleon's armies from Portugal and Spain.
Earthquake, Napoleon and the Loss of Brazil
Sources: Peninsular War (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ESPWar & Rupture
North America
- CRIEconomy & Trade
Costa Rica · 1808 CE
Coffee arrives from Cuba
Thirteen years before independence, coffee is introduced and becomes the principal crop of a province that had never had one — a dominance lasting into the 20th century.
Independence and a Coffee Republic
Sources: Costa Rica country profile (BBC News)
South America
- BRAPolitics & Power
Brazil · 1808-1821
The court moves to Rio
Fleeing Napoleon, the Portuguese royal court relocates to Rio de Janeiro, which becomes the seat of the empire and is opened to wider trade.
Portuguese Colony: Sugar, Slavery, and Gold
Sources: Brazil (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Linha do Tempo da Independência (Governo Federal do Brasil)
7 records
Africa
- CMRReligion
Cameroon · c. 1809
Modibo Adama founds the Adamawa Emirate
Acting under Usman dan Fodio, the Fulani leader Modibo Adama launched a jihad into Fombina and established the Adamawa Emirate, spreading Islam and Fulani rule across the north as part of the Sokoto Caliphate.
Grassfields kingdoms, the Douala coast and the Fulani north
Sources: Modibo Adama (Wikipedia) · Adamawa (traditional emirate) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- HRVPolitics & Power
Croatia · 1809–1813
Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces
Napoleon gathered much of the coast and hinterland into the short-lived Illyrian Provinces, an episode that helped stir a sense of shared South Slav identity among the Croats.
The National Revival and the End of Austria-Hungary
Sources: Croatia: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- FINPolitics & Power
Finland becomes an autonomous Grand Duchy
By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn Sweden ceded Finland to Russia; it became the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, joined to the empire through the tsar, who reigned as Grand Duke, and kept its own laws and religion.
The Grand Duchy of Finland under the Russian Empire
Sources: History of Finland (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Finland (InfoFinland (Finnish public authorities))
- SVNPolitics & Power
Slovenia · 1809–1813
The Illyrian Provinces
Napoleon organised the southern Slovene lands as the Illyrian Provinces of the French Empire, with Ljubljana as their capital, introducing reforms and giving the Slovene language a place in public life.
The Illyrian Provinces and the National Awakening
Sources: History of Slovenia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Slovenia (Government of Slovenia (gov.si))
- SWEWar & Rupture
Sweden · 17 Sep 1809
Treaty of Fredrikshamn: the loss of Finland
Ending the Finnish War, the Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Hamina) ceded the whole of Finland and the Åland Islands to Russia, stripping Sweden of about a third of its territory and people.
Loss of Finland, Union with Norway and the Birth of Neutrality
Sources: Treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn, 1809) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Sweden: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- BOLIndependence
Bolivia · 1809 CE
Uprisings at Chuquisaca and La Paz
Revolts in Upper Peru in 1809, sparked by the Spanish crisis under Napoleon, are remembered among the first independence movements in the Americas.
The Revolt of Tupac Katari and Independence
Sources: Bolivia: Early period (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bolivia: A Country Study (Library of Congress, Federal Research Division)
- ECUIndependence
Ecuador · 10 Aug 1809
The first cry of independence
Quito criollos depose the colonial authorities and form a governing junta, one of the earliest such acts in Spanish America, earning Quito the title Luz de America.
The Light of America: Independence and the Republic
Sources: History of Ecuador (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Santa Cruz y Espejo, Francisco Javier Eugenio de (1747-1795) (Encyclopedia.com (Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture))