9 records
Africa
- BWA
Botswana · War & Rupture · early 19th century
The difaqane convulses the region
Wars and forced migrations linked to the wider mfecane/difaqane disrupt Tswana society, bringing raiding, displacement and famine.
The Tswana Nations and the Difaqane
Sources: History of Botswana (Wikipedia) · Matabele Wars 1836–1896 (South African History Online)
- MUS
Mauritius · War & Rupture · August–December 1810
British capture of the Isle de France
After the French naval victory at Grand Port, a large British force lands and compels the surrender of the island in December 1810.
British Mauritius: Abolition & Indenture
Sources: Battle of Grand Port (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Mauritius (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Europe
- ESP
Spain · Independence · 1810s–1820s
Loss of the American mainland empire
Independence movements across Spanish America broke away during and after the Napoleonic crisis, ending Spain's three-century rule over most of the Americas.
Loss of Empire, Republic and Civil War
Sources: Spain (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SWE
Sweden · Politics & Power
Bernadotte chosen as heir
The French marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected Swedish crown prince, founding the Bernadotte dynasty; he ruled from 1818 as Charles XIV John, king of Sweden and Norway.
Loss of Finland, Union with Norway and the Birth of Neutrality
Sources: Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Sweden: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- MEX
Mexico · Independence · 16 Sept 1810
Grito de Dolores
Miguel Hidalgo calls for rebellion against Spanish rule, beginning the Mexican War of Independence.
Independence and the Early Republic
Sources: Grito de Dolores (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- ARG
Argentina · Independence · 25 May 1810
The May Revolution
An open cabildo in Buenos Aires deposes the viceroy and forms the Primera Junta, the first home government, launching the war of independence.
May Revolution and the Wars of Independence
Sources: May Revolution (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Argentina (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- CHL
Chile · Independence · 18 September 1810
First national junta
Creole leaders in Santiago form a governing junta after the fall of the Spanish king, the founding act of Chilean self-government and the national day.
Independence and the Building of a Republic
Sources: History of Chile (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- COL
Colombia · Independence · 20 Jul 1810
Cry of independence
A junta seizes power in Bogota, beginning the New Granadan independence movement amid the crisis of Spanish royal authority.
Independence and Gran Colombia
Sources: History of Colombia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- VEN
Venezuela · Independence · 19 Apr 1810
Junta deposes the captain general
The cabildo of Caracas removes the Spanish captain general and forms a governing junta, the opening act of the independence movement.
The Cradle of Independence and Simon Bolivar
Sources: Venezuela: The independence movement (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Francisco de Miranda (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
6 records
Asia
- QAT
Qatar · War & Rupture
Destruction of Al Zubarah
After attacks by rival Gulf powers, the thriving town of Al Zubarah was burned to the ground; it fell into decline and was abandoned by the early 20th century.
Pearls, Tribes and the Town of Al Zubarah
Sources: Al Zubarah: Qatar's Largest Heritage Site (Qatar Museums) · Al Zubarah Archaeological Site (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- SAU
Saudi Arabia · War & Rupture · 1811 - 1818
The Ottoman-Egyptian campaign against the Saudis
On behalf of the Ottoman sultan, the Egyptian forces of Muhammad Ali Pasha waged war on the expanding First Saudi State, driving it from the holy cities and into the Najdi heartland.
The First and Second Saudi States and the Al Saud-Wahhab Alliance
Sources: Siege of Diriyah (1818) (Wikipedia) · First Saudi State (Saudipedia)
North America
- SLV
El Salvador · Politics & Power · 5 November 1811
First cry of independence
An early uprising in San Salvador, associated with the priest Jose Matias Delgado, is suppressed but remembered as a first stirring of the independence movement.
Conquest and the Colonial Province
Sources: El Salvador: The colonial period (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- HTI
Haiti · Politics & Power · 1811 CE
Christophe crowned King Henry I
Henry Christophe proclaims a kingdom in northern Haiti and builds the Citadelle Laferriere; the south remains a republic under Petion.
Kingdom, Republic, and the Indemnity
Sources: Henry Christophe (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · National History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
South America
- PRY
Paraguay · Independence · 14-15 May 1811
Independence from Spain
Paraguayan officers depose the Spanish governor at Asuncion without bloodshed, ending colonial rule; a republic is proclaimed in 1813.
Independence, Dr Francia and the Lopez Dynasty
Sources: History of Paraguay (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Paraguay: The colonial period (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- VEN
Venezuela · Independence · 5 July 1811
First declaration of independence in Spanish America
A congress at Caracas declares Venezuela independent of Spain and founds the First Republic, the first such declaration in the region.
The Cradle of Independence and Simon Bolivar
Sources: Venezuela: The independence movement (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Venezuela (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
7 records
Europe
- ALB
Albania · Culture & Ideas · 18th-19th c.
Ottoman towns of Berat and Gjirokastra
The towns of Berat and Gjirokastra developed the distinctive Ottoman-era urban architecture, including fortified citadels and tall stone houses, that later earned them UNESCO World Heritage status.
Five Centuries of Ottoman Rule and the National Awakening
Sources: Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- FIN
Finland · Politics & Power
Helsinki made the capital
The capital was moved from Turku to Helsinki, nearer to Saint Petersburg, and the town was rebuilt as a neoclassical capital of the Grand Duchy.
The Grand Duchy of Finland under the Russian Empire
Sources: History of Finland (InfoFinland (Finnish public authorities)) · Main outlines of Finnish history (thisisFINLAND (Finland Promotion Board))
- MDA
Moldova · Colonisation · 28 May 1812
Annexation of Bessarabia
By the Treaty of Bucharest, Russia annexed the land between the Prut and the Dniester from the Ottoman Empire, organizing it as the province of Bessarabia and severing it from the rest of Moldavia.
Russian Bessarabia
Sources: Treaty of Bucharest (1812) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bessarabia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- MDA
Moldova · War & Rupture
Partition of Moldavia at the Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest ending the Russo-Turkish War allowed Russia to annex Bessarabia, the eastern half of the principality between the Prut and the Dniester, splitting Moldavia in two.
Ottoman Vassalage and the Phanariot Century
Sources: Treaty of Bucharest (1812) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bessarabia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- RUS
Russia · War & Rupture
Napoleon's invasion and retreat from Moscow
Napoleon's Grande Armee invades Russia and reaches a burning Moscow, but is destroyed by attrition, scorched earth, and the Russian winter; the catastrophe makes Russia a leading power of post-Napoleonic Europe.
The Russian Empire: Peter, Catherine, and the Romanov Zenith
Sources: Russia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ESP
Spain · Politics & Power · 19 Mar 1812
Constitution of Cádiz
Liberal deputies meeting in besieged Cádiz promulgated Spain's first constitution, asserting national sovereignty and a separation of powers, though it was abolished by Ferdinand VII in 1814.
Decline, the Bourbons and the Napoleonic Crisis
Sources: Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, enacted in Cádiz, 19 March 1812 (Library of Congress)
South America
- ARG
Argentina · Politics & Power · 27 Feb 1812
Belgrano raises the flag
Manuel Belgrano first flies the light-blue-and-white flag at Rosario; it is adopted by the Congress of Tucuman in 1816.
May Revolution and the Wars of Independence
Sources: Flag Day: Homage to General Manuel Belgrano (Casa Rosada, Presidency of Argentina) · Manuel Belgrano (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
1 record
Asia
- AZE
Azerbaijan · War & Rupture
Treaty of Gulistan
Ending the Russo-Persian war of 1804–13, Persia ceded to Russia the eastern Caucasus khanates from Lankaran to Derbent, including Baku, Shirvan, Ganja and Karabakh.
Persian khanates and Russian annexation
Sources: Treaty of Golestān (Gulistan), 1813 (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Azerbaijan: Russian suzerainty and the road to independence (Encyclopædia Britannica)
13 records
Africa
- MUS
- SYC
Seychelles · Colonisation
Cession to Britain by the Treaty of Paris
Seychelles was formally ceded to Britain with Mauritius and governed thereafter as a dependency of Mauritius.
British Rule and Emancipation
Sources: History of Seychelles (Wikipedia) · Seychelles History — Timeline (SeyVillas Seychelles Travel Guide)
Asia
- NPL
Nepal · War & Rupture · 1814–16
Anglo-Nepalese War
A border dispute with British India erupts into the Gurkha War; Nepali resistance is fierce but the East India Company prevails.
Gorkha Unification and the British War
Sources: Anglo-Nepalese War (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Treaty of Sagauli (Sugauli), 1816 (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Europe
- DNK
Denmark · War & Rupture · 14 Jan 1814
Treaty of Kiel: the loss of Norway
Defeated alongside Napoleon, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, ending a four-century union, while keeping Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
The Napoleonic Catastrophe and the Birth of Constitutional Denmark
Sources: Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- MLT
Malta · Colonisation
British rule confirmed by the Treaty of Paris
Having acknowledged British sovereignty, the Maltese saw the islands' attachment to Britain confirmed by the Treaty of Paris in 1814, making Malta a Crown colony.
Napoleon, British Rule and the Naval Fortress
Sources: Treaty of Paris (1814) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Malta (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NOR
Norway · Politics & Power · 17 May 1814
The Constitution of Eidsvoll
A constituent assembly at Eidsvoll signed Norway's constitution on 17 May 1814, declaring the country a free kingdom with an elected Storting; the date became the national day.
Eidsvoll, the Union with Sweden and National Awakening
Sources: The story of 1814 in 1-2-3 (Eidsvoll 1814 (Norwegian national museum)) · Norway: The union conflict, 1859–1905 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NOR
Norway · Politics & Power · 14 Jan 1814
The Treaty of Kiel
Defeated in the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway: by the Treaty of Kiel the Danish king renounced all claims to Norway in favour of the king of Sweden.
The Black Death, the Kalmar Union and the Danish Centuries
Sources: Kieltraktaten (Store norske leksikon) · Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Norway: The Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NOR
Norway · Politics & Power · 4 Nov 1814
Union with Sweden
After a short war, Sweden accepted the Eidsvoll constitution and the Storting voted to enter a personal union with Sweden under a shared king, with Norway keeping its parliament and laws.
Eidsvoll, the Union with Sweden and National Awakening
Sources: The story of 1814 in 1-2-3 (Eidsvoll 1814 (Norwegian national museum)) · Norway: The union conflict, 1859–1905 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ESP
Spain · War & Rupture
End of the Peninsular War
Allied Spanish, British and Portuguese forces expelled the French and restored Spanish independence, but the returning Ferdinand VII reimposed absolute monarchy and revoked the 1812 constitution.
Decline, the Bourbons and the Napoleonic Crisis
Sources: Spain (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SWE
Sweden · Politics & Power · 14 Jan 1814
Treaty of Kiel and the union with Norway
Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel; Norwegian resistance produced not annexation but a personal union of the two kingdoms under one crown, lasting until 1905.
Loss of Finland, Union with Norway and the Birth of Neutrality
Sources: Treaty of Kiel (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Norway: The union conflict, 1859–1905 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- TTO
Trinidad and Tobago · Colonisation
Tobago ceded to Britain
After centuries of being fought over by the Dutch, Courlanders, French, and British, Tobago was finally awarded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris of 1814.
British conquest and the much-contested Tobago
Sources: Historical Timeline (Tobago House of Assembly (visittobago.gov.tt)) · Trinidad and Tobago: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- PRY
Paraguay · Politics & Power · 1814-1840
The dictatorship of Dr Francia
Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia rules as Supreme Dictator, sealing Paraguay off from the world in near-total isolation until his death.
Independence, Dr Francia and the Lopez Dynasty
Sources: Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Paraguay (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Oceania
- NZL
New Zealand · Religion · 25 December 1814
First Christian mission
Samuel Marsden conducted New Zealand's first Christian service at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands, beginning the missionary presence that spread Christianity, literacy, and new ideas among Māori.
European contact, missionaries, and the musket wars
Sources: Samuel Marsden conducts New Zealand's first Christian service (NZ History (Manatū Taonga — Ministry for Culture and Heritage)) · Marsden, Samuel (Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand)
16 records
Africa
- SWZ
Eswatini · Formation · c. 1815
Accession of Sobhuza I
On the death of Ndvungunye, Somhlolo becomes king as Sobhuza I and soon faces the pressures of the mfecane and the Ndwandwe under Zwide.
The Mfecane and the Making of a Nation
Sources: Sobhuza I (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · King Sobhuza I (South African History Online) · History of Eswatini (Wikipedia)
Asia
- LKA
Sri Lanka · Colonisation · 2 Mar 1815
Kandyan Convention unifies the island under Britain
The Kandyan chiefs cede the highland kingdom to the British crown, ending the last independent Sinhalese kingdom and placing the whole island under a single colonial administration.
European Coasts and the Kandyan Kingdom
Sources: Kandyan Convention (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Path to Freedom: 1815 Convention and Dominion Status (Department of National Archives, Sri Lanka)
Europe
- BEL
Belgium · Politics & Power
Union with the Netherlands
After Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo on Belgian soil, the Congress of Vienna merged the southern provinces with the Dutch into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under William I, as a buffer against France.
Revolution, Independence and the Guaranteed Neutral Kingdom
Sources: Belgium: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · The Treaty of London, 1839 (primary text) (FirstWorldWar.com Primary Documents)
- FRA
France · War & Rupture
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's final defeat ends the Empire and the Napoleonic Wars.
Revolution & Empire
Sources: Napoleon I (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- DEU
Germany · Politics & Power
Congress of Vienna and the German Confederation
After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a loose confederation of German states dominated by Austria and Prussia, leaving national unity unfulfilled.
Prussia, Fragmentation and the Road to Unity
Sources: Germany (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- LIE
Liechtenstein · Politics & Power
Membership of the German Confederation
After Napoleon's defeat, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation created at the Congress of Vienna, remaining within it until 1866 while keeping close dynastic ties to Austria.
From the Empire to Sovereignty
Sources: Liechtenstein: History (Alpine, Principality, Sovereignty) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- LUX
Luxembourg · Politics & Power
Congress of Vienna creates the Grand Duchy
Luxembourg was raised to a Grand Duchy under William I of the Netherlands in personal union, placed within the German Confederation with a Prussian garrison, and lost an eastern slice to Prussia in a second partition.
The Grand Duchy, the Second and Third Partitions, and Neutrality
Sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty (Cour grand-ducale (Grand Ducal Court of Luxembourg))
- MLT
Malta · Economy & Trade · 19th century
Malta as a naval fortress
British development of the Grand Harbour dockyard made Malta one of the chief bases of the Royal Navy and the strategic centre of British power in the Mediterranean.
Napoleon, British Rule and the Naval Fortress
Sources: Malta: Modern history (British rule and independence) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NLD
Netherlands · Formation
Kingdom of the Netherlands founded
After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna establishes the Kingdom of the Netherlands under William I, uniting the northern and southern Low Countries.
Decline, French Rule and the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Sources: History of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Royal House of the Netherlands) · Netherlands (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- POL
Poland · Politics & Power
Congress of Vienna and the 'Congress Kingdom'
The post-Napoleonic settlement re-divided the Polish lands and created a nominally autonomous Kingdom of Poland under the Russian tsar, entrenching foreign rule.
The Partitions and the Long Fight for Independence
Sources: History of Poland (1795-1918) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Partitions of Poland (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SMR
San Marino · Independence
Recognition at the Congress of Vienna
The post-Napoleonic Congress of Vienna confirmed San Marino's independence, leaving the ancient republic untouched as Europe's monarchies were restored around it.
Napoleon, Garibaldi and Lincoln: a Republic Among Friends
Sources: San Marino (Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1862 treaty) (New World Encyclopedia)
- SRB
Serbia · Politics & Power
Second Uprising and autonomy under Miloš Obrenović
Miloš Obrenović led the Second Uprising; by 1830 the Ottomans granted the principality full autonomy under him as hereditary prince, establishing self-governing Serbia.
The Serbian Revolution and the Road to Independence
Sources: Serbia: The disintegration of Ottoman rule (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- SVN
Slovenia · Politics & Power
Austria regains the Slovene lands
After Napoleon's defeat the Congress of Vienna restored Habsburg rule over the Illyrian territories, returning the Slovene lands to the Austrian Empire.
The Illyrian Provinces and the National Awakening
Sources: History of Slovenia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Ljubljana (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- CHE
Switzerland · Independence · 20 Mar 1815
Congress of Vienna recognises permanent neutrality
The European powers declared the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland to be in Europe's interest and guaranteed its territory; confirmed by the Treaty of Paris later that year, this made armed neutrality the foundation of Swiss policy.
The Helvetic Republic, Napoleon and the Recognition of Neutrality
Sources: Neutrality (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (aboutswitzerland.eda.admin.ch)) · League of Nations recognizes perpetual Swiss neutrality (Congress of Vienna, 1815) (HISTORY (A&E Television Networks))
- CHE
Switzerland · Politics & Power
The borders of modern Switzerland fixed
The Vienna settlement restored the cantons and set the Confederation's external borders, which have remained almost unchanged since, leaving curiosities such as the foreign enclaves of Büsingen and Campione d'Italia.
The Helvetic Republic, Napoleon and the Recognition of Neutrality
Sources: The story of Switzerland's federal borders (Swiss National Museum (blog.nationalmuseum.ch)) · League of Nations recognizes perpetual Swiss neutrality (Congress of Vienna, 1815) (HISTORY (A&E Television Networks))
South America
- URY
Uruguay · Independence · 1814-1815
Artigas and the Federal League
Jose Gervasio Artigas leads the Orientals against Spain and builds a federal league of provinces, championing autonomy against Buenos Aires across the Banda Oriental and beyond.
Artigas, the Thirty-Three, and Independence
Sources: Jose Gervasio Artigas (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uruguay (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
11 records
Africa
- BWA
Botswana · Religion
London Missionary Society arrives
LMS missionaries reach the Tswana lands; Robert Moffat later founds Kuruman and translates the Bible into Setswana.
Missionaries, Boers and Mounting Pressure
Sources: History of Botswana (Wikipedia) · Botswana — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GMB
Gambia · Colonisation
Bathurst founded on St Mary's Island
Captain Alexander Grant established the settlement of Bathurst (now Banjul) near the mouth of the Gambia, creating Britain's base for suppressing the slave trade and trading in groundnuts.
The British colony and the river enclave
Sources: History of the Gambia (Wikipedia) · The Gambia (country overview and history) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- LBR
Liberia · Peoples & Migration
Founding of the American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society was established in the United States to resettle free-born and freed African Americans in West Africa, drawing together abolitionists and slaveholders with sharply differing motives.
The American Colonization Society settlement
Sources: Monrovia, Liberia (1822– ) (BlackPast.org) · History of Liberia: A Time Line (U.S. Library of Congress) · Liberia — History (Colonialism, Civil War, Reconstruction) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ZAF
South Africa · War & Rupture · c. 1816–1828
Rise of the Zulu kingdom and the Mfecane
Shaka built the Zulu into a powerful centralised kingdom with a reorganised army; the wars and migrations of the Mfecane reshaped the political map of southern Africa.
British rule, the Mfecane, the Zulu kingdom and the Boer republics
Sources: Mfecane (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Shaka, Zulu chief (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 (South African History Online)
Asia
- NPL
Nepal · Independence · 4 Mar 1816
Treaty of Sugauli
Nepal cedes the Tarai and western conquests and admits a British resident, but keeps its independence and monarchy — never becoming a colony.
Gorkha Unification and the British War
Sources: Treaty of Sagauli (Sugauli), 1816 (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Anglo-Nepalese War (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Europe
- BLR
Belarus · Culture & Ideas · 1816-1855
The Struve Geodetic Arc
Five of the surviving station points of the Struve Geodetic Arc, the first accurate measurement of a long meridian segment carried out across the empire between 1816 and 1855, lie in Belarus and are inscribed by UNESCO.
The Commonwealth, Partition and the Russian Empire
Sources: Struve Geodetic Arc (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- BEL
Belgium · Politics & Power · 1816–1920
Neutral Moresnet
Unable to agree on ownership of a village and its zinc mine, the powers created Neutral Moresnet, a tiny condominium of about 3.5 square kilometres jointly administered by Prussia and the Netherlands, then Prussia and Belgium, until the Treaty of Versailles awarded it to Belgium.
Leopold II, the Congo, and the Curiosities of the Border
Sources: 100 years ago Belgium annexed Europe's second smallest territory (Neutral Moresnet) (VRT NWS (Flemish public broadcaster)) · Eupen-Malmedy (transfer to Belgium under the Treaty of Versailles) (1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War)
- EST
Estonia · Politics & Power · 1816–1819
Abolition of serfdom
Serfdom was abolished in the Estonian and Livonian governorates ahead of the rest of Russia, freeing the peasantry and laying the social groundwork for the later national awakening.
The Russian Empire and the National Awakening
Sources: Estonia: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- ARG
Argentina · Independence · 9 July 1816
Declaration of Independence at Tucuman
The Congress of Tucuman declares independence from Spain as the United Provinces of South America, signed by twenty-nine delegates under the presidency of Laprida.
May Revolution and the Wars of Independence
Sources: Congress of Tucuman (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Argentine Declaration of Independence (Wikipedia)
- URY
Uruguay · War & Rupture · 1816-1820
Portuguese invasion and Artigas in exile
Portuguese forces from Brazil invade the Banda Oriental; after three years of resistance Artigas is defeated in 1820 and goes into permanent exile in Paraguay.
Artigas, the Thirty-Three, and Independence
Sources: Jose Gervasio Artigas (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uruguay (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- VEN
Venezuela · Independence · 14 July 1816
Death of Francisco de Miranda
The 'Precursor' of independence, handed to the Spanish after the fall of the First Republic, dies a prisoner in a fortress at Cadiz.
The Cradle of Independence and Simon Bolivar
Sources: Francisco de Miranda (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
3 records
Africa
- MDG
Madagascar · Religion · 1810s–1820s
Radama I, Britain and the missionaries
Radama I is recognised King of Madagascar by Britain and admits the London Missionary Society, bringing literacy and Christianity.
The Merina Monarchy
Sources: Radama I (Wikipedia) · Madagascar (Encyclopædia Britannica)
South America
- ARG
Argentina · War & Rupture · Jan-Feb 1817
San Martin crosses the Andes
San Martin leads the Army of the Andes over the cordillera and defeats royalist forces at Chacabuco, opening the liberation of Chile.
May Revolution and the Wars of Independence
Sources: Jose de San Martin (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Argentina (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- CHL
Chile · War & Rupture · 12 February 1817
Crossing the Andes and Chacabuco
San Martin's Army of the Andes crosses the cordillera and defeats the royalists at Chacabuco, opening the road to Santiago and the liberation of Chile.
Independence and the Building of a Republic
Sources: Jose de San Martin (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bernardo O'Higgins (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
3 records
Africa
- BEN
Benin · Politics & Power
Ghezo seizes the throne
Ghezo overthrew his brother Adandozan with the support of the Brazilian slave trader Francisco Félix de Sousa, beginning a reign that would expand Dahomey's army and its female Agojie regiment.
Ouidah, the slave trade, King Ghezo and the Agojie
Sources: Ghezo (Wikipedia) · The Dahomey Amazons (BlackPast.org / African American Registry)
Asia
- SAU
Saudi Arabia · War & Rupture
The fall and destruction of Diriyah
After a months-long siege Ibrahim Pasha took Diriyah in September 1818 and razed it, ending the First Saudi State; the last imam was executed in Constantinople.
The First and Second Saudi States and the Al Saud-Wahhab Alliance
Sources: Siege of Diriyah (1818) (Wikipedia) · At-Turaif District in ad-Dariyah (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
South America
- CHL
Chile · Independence · 5 April 1818
The Battle of Maipu
Patriot forces under San Martin, with O'Higgins, crush the Spanish royalists near Santiago, sealing Chilean independence on the mainland weeks after its formal declaration.
Independence and the Building of a Republic
Sources: Battle of Maipu (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Bernardo O'Higgins (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
2 records
Asia
- ARE
United Arab Emirates · War & Rupture
Britain breaks the Qasimi sea power
After repeated clashes over Gulf shipping, British forces subdued the Qasimi dynasty and razed Ras al-Khaimah, ending the maritime dominance of the Qawasim in the lower Gulf.
The Qawasim and the Making of the Trucial States
Sources: Qasimi dynasty: Family, Origins, and Piracy Claims (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of the United Arab Emirates (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- COL
Colombia · Independence · 7 Aug 1819
Battle of Boyaca
Bolivar and Santander rout the royalist army at the Boyaca bridge, securing the liberation of New Granada and opening the road to Bogota.
Independence and Gran Colombia
Sources: Battle of Boyaca (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Simon Bolivar (Encyclopaedia Britannica)