13 records
Africa
- DZA
Algeria · Colonisation · 5 July 1830
France captures Algiers
A French expeditionary force takes Algiers, ending the Ottoman regency and beginning 132 years of French rule in Algeria.
French Conquest and Settler Colony
Sources: France Conquers Algeria (EBSCO Research Starters) · History of Algeria (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- CAF
Central African Republic · Politics & Power
Dar al-Kuti founded under Wadai
The sultanate of Dar al-Kuti was established as a tributary of Dar Runga and ultimately of Wadai, becoming a staging ground for slave raids into the Banda and Nzakara lands to the south.
Zande States and the Slave Trade
Sources: Dar al-Kuti (Wikipedia) · Central African Republic — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Asia
- IDN
Indonesia · Economy & Trade
The Cultivation System
The Dutch impose the Cultuurstelsel, forcing Javanese peasants to grow export crops for the colonial state; it enriches the Netherlands while causing widespread hardship and local famines.
The Dutch East Indies and the National Awakening
Sources: History of Indonesia (Islamic influence; Dutch rule) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Indonesian National Awakening (Wikipedia)
Europe
- BEL
Belgium · Independence · Aug–Sep 1830
The Belgian Revolution
Rebellion in Brussels drove out the Dutch garrison; a National Congress proclaimed independence and adopted a liberal constitution, breaking the southern provinces away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Revolution, Independence and the Guaranteed Neutral Kingdom
Sources: Belgium: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GRC
Greece · Independence · 3 February 1830
London Protocol recognizes Greek independence
Britain, France and Russia signed the London Protocol declaring Greece an independent state, the first international act recognizing Greek sovereignty.
Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence
Sources: 3 February 1830: Greece becomes a state (London Protocol) (Greek News Agenda (General Secretariat for Media and Communication)) · Greek Independence from the Ottoman Empire (EBSCO Research Starters)
- MNE
Montenegro · Culture & Ideas · 1830–1851
Rule of Petar II Petrovic-Njegos
The poet-prince Petar II strengthened the state, founded schools and reformed taxation, and wrote The Mountain Wreath, becoming Montenegro's most celebrated cultural figure.
The Prince-Bishopric and the Petrovic-Njegos Resistance
Sources: Peter II (Petar II Petrovic-Njegos), prince-bishop of Montenegro (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · The Mountain Wreath (Gorski vijenac) (Projekat Rastko)
- NLD
Netherlands · Independence
Belgian Revolution
The southern provinces rebel and declare independence as Belgium, dividing the United Kingdom of the Netherlands; separation is recognised in 1839.
Decline, French Rule and the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Sources: Netherlands (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- POL
Poland · War & Rupture · 1830–1831
The November Uprising
Poles in the Russian partition rose against the tsar; after initial successes the rising was crushed, bringing reprisals, the end of the Kingdom's autonomy and a wave of political exile.
The Partitions and the Long Fight for Independence
Sources: History of Poland (1795-1918) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- HND
Honduras · Politics & Power · 1830-1840
Morazán leads the federation
The Honduran Liberal Francisco Morazán serves as president of the United Provinces, fighting to preserve the union against Conservative revolts.
Independence, Federation, and Morazán
Sources: Francisco Morazán (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- COL
Colombia · Politics & Power · 1830 CE
Breakup of Gran Colombia
Venezuela and Ecuador secede and Bolivar dies near Santa Marta; the union dissolves, leaving New Granada as a separate state.
Independence and Gran Colombia
Sources: Gran Colombia (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Simon Bolivar (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ECU
Ecuador · Formation · 13 May 1830
Republic of Ecuador founded
An assembly in Quito separates the southern district from Gran Colombia and founds the Republic of Ecuador, with Juan Jose Flores as first president.
The Light of America: Independence and the Republic
Sources: History of Ecuador (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Gran Colombia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- URY
Uruguay · Politics & Power · 18 July 1830
First constitution sworn
The Oriental Republic of Uruguay adopts its first national constitution, formally organising the new state.
Artigas, the Thirty-Three, and Independence
Sources: Uruguay: The struggle for national identity (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- VEN
Venezuela · Formation · 1830 CE
Separation from Gran Colombia
As Gran Colombia dissolves and Bolivar dies, Jose Antonio Paez leads Venezuela to declare itself a separate republic and becomes its first president.
The Cradle of Independence and Simon Bolivar
Sources: Jose Antonio Paez (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Venezuela (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
6 records
Africa
- ZMB
Zambia · Economy & Trade · 1831–1832
Gamitto's mission to Kazembe
A second Portuguese expedition, led by António Gamitto, visited the Mwata Kazembe, leaving a detailed account of a Lunda state deeply engaged in the regional trade in ivory, copper, and captives.
Kingdoms of the Zambezi and Luapula: Lozi, Bemba, Chewa and Kazembe
Sources: Kazembe (Lunda kingdom of the Luapula) (Wikipedia) · Zambia: External contacts and the slave and ivory trade (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- BEL
Belgium · Formation · 21 Jul 1831
Leopold I, first King of the Belgians
The German prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was installed as the first king and took his constitutional oath on 21 July 1831, a date still observed as Belgium's national day.
Revolution, Independence and the Guaranteed Neutral Kingdom
Sources: Leopold I, king of Belgium (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Belgium: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- JAM
Jamaica · War & Rupture · Dec 1831 - 1832
The Baptist War
Samuel Sharpe leads a Christmas rebellion of tens of thousands; its suppression hastens the end of slavery in the empire.
Sugar, Slavery, and Resistance
Sources: Jamaica: British rule (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- FLK
Falkland Islands · War & Rupture
USS Lexington raid on Port Louis
The U.S. warship Lexington destroyed the Argentine settlement on East Falkland in reprisal for the seizure of American sealing ships, ending Vernet's colony.
Buenos Aires, Vernet, and 1833
Sources: Falkland Islands — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GUY
Guyana · Colonisation
Creation of British Guiana
Britain unites the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice into a single Crown colony, British Guiana, with Georgetown as its capital.
British Guiana: Emancipation and Indenture
Sources: A Guide to the History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations: Guyana (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian) · Guyana — History (Colonialism, Independence, Culture) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- URY
Uruguay · War & Rupture · 11 Apr 1831
Massacre of the Charrua at Salsipuedes
Government forces ambush and massacre the Charrua at Salsipuedes, a campaign that destroyed them as a distinct people and is remembered as a foundational injustice.
Blancos, Colorados, and the Guerra Grande
Sources: Charrua (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uruguay: The struggle for national identity (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
3 records
Africa
- DZA
Algeria · War & Rupture · 1832–1847
Abd al-Qadir's resistance
Proclaimed amir in 1832, Abd al-Qadir builds a state across much of Algeria and leads armed resistance to the French until his surrender in 1847.
French Conquest and Settler Colony
Sources: Abdelkader (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · France Conquers Algeria (EBSCO Research Starters)
- LBR
Liberia · Culture & Ideas · c. 1832–1833
Invention of the Vai script
Momolu Duwalu Bukele and fellow Vai elders are credited with devising the Vai syllabary, one of the few indigenous writing systems created in sub-Saharan Africa, which remains in use; some accounts place its origin earlier.
Indigenous peoples of the Grain Coast
Sources: Momolu Duwalu Bukele (Wikipedia) · Vai syllabary (Wikipedia) · Liberia — People (Ethnic Groups, Languages) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- GRC
Greece · Independence · July 1832
Treaty of Constantinople and the Kingdom of Greece
The Ottoman sultan recognized Greek independence and the new state's frontiers in the Treaty of Constantinople; the Bavarian prince Otto was chosen as the first king of Greece.
Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence
Sources: War of Greek Independence (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Otto, king of Greece (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
5 records
Africa
- LSO
Lesotho · Religion
Paris missionaries arrive
Moshoeshoe invites the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society into his kingdom; the missionaries help create a written Sesotho and advise him on dealings with Europeans.
Moshoeshoe and the Birth of the Basotho
Sources: Lesotho: The Sotho kingdom (1824–69) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · History of Lesotho (Wikipedia)
Asia
- OMN
Oman · Politics & Power · 21 September 1833
Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States
Said bin Sultan's government concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States, the first bilateral treaty between Washington and an Arab Gulf state.
The Al Bu Said Dynasty and the Empire of Zanzibar
Sources: History of the U.S.-Oman Relationship (U.S. Embassy in Oman) · Said ibn Sultan, Omani ruler and Zanzibar sultan (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- GBR
United Kingdom · Politics & Power
Slavery Abolition Act
Parliament abolished slavery across most of the British Empire, effective 1834, freeing more than 800,000 people while compensating former slave-owners rather than the enslaved.
Empire, industry, and the Victorian age
Sources: Slavery Abolition Act (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
South America
- CHL
Chile · Politics & Power · 1833 CE
The Constitution of 1833
A conservative constitution shaped by Diego Portales establishes a strong centralised presidency, anchoring decades of unusual political stability.
Independence and the Building of a Republic
Sources: History of Chile (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- FLK
Falkland Islands · Formation · 2 January 1833
Britain re-establishes control (founding of continuous administration)
A British force required the small Argentine garrison to leave Port Louis and re-asserted British control — the start of continuous British administration, which Argentina contests as illegitimate occupation.
Buenos Aires, Vernet, and 1833
Sources: Falkland Islands — History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Our History (Falkland Islands Government) · The South Atlantic Crisis, 1982 (Conflict over the Falkland Islands / Islas Malvinas) (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian)
4 records
Africa
- MUS
Mauritius · Peoples & Migration · 1834–c. 1910
Indian indenture and the Aapravasi Ghat
Around half a million indentured labourers from India arrive through the Port Louis depot, the 'Great Experiment', reshaping the island's population.
British Mauritius: Abolition & Indenture
Sources: Aapravasi Ghat (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Aapravasi Ghat (World Heritage List) (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- ZAF
South Africa · Politics & Power · 1 December 1834
Abolition of slavery at the Cape
Slavery was abolished across the British Empire, freeing enslaved people at the Cape and deepening Boer discontent that helped spark the Great Trek.
British rule, the Mfecane, the Zulu kingdom and the Boer republics
Sources: History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa (South African History Online) · South Africa (country, history and government) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- BHS
Bahamas · Politics & Power · 1 August 1834
Slavery Abolition Act takes effect
The British Slavery Abolition Act came into force in the Bahamas on 1 August 1834, beginning emancipation; after an apprenticeship period, full freedom followed in 1838.
Loyalists, slavery and emancipation
Sources: Bahamas: Local History and Genealogy — Research Guide (Library of Congress) · The Bahamas — British colonization (History) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- TTO
Trinidad and Tobago · Politics & Power · 1 August 1834
Abolition of slavery
Under Britain's Slavery Abolition Act, slavery ended in Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1834, though a transitional 'apprenticeship' kept the freed people tied to the estates.
British conquest and the much-contested Tobago
Sources: Trinidad and Tobago: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · T&T History Timeline (National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago)
8 records
Africa
- LBY
Libya · Politics & Power
Ottomans restore direct rule
Sultan Mahmud II ends the Karamanli dynasty and reimposes direct Ottoman administration over Tripolitania.
Ottoman Rule and the Karamanli Dynasty
Sources: Ottoman Tripolitania (Wikipedia)
- MDG
Madagascar · Religion
Ranavalona I bans Christianity
Fearing foreign influence, the queen proscribes Christian practice; persecution and executions follow over decades.
The Merina Monarchy
Sources: Ranavalona I (Wikipedia) · Madagascar (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- MUS
Mauritius · Politics & Power · 1 February 1835
Abolition of slavery
Slavery is formally ended in Mauritius, freeing tens of thousands of enslaved people, followed by a transitional 'apprenticeship'.
British Mauritius: Abolition & Indenture
Sources: Mauritius (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Le Morne Cultural Landscape (World Heritage List) (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
- SYC
Seychelles · Politics & Power
Abolition of slavery
Emancipation freed the several thousand enslaved Africans who formed the majority of the colony's population.
British Rule and Emancipation
Sources: History of Seychelles (Wikipedia) · History of Slavery (Seychelles National Museum)
- ZMB
Zambia · Peoples & Migration · 1830s
Ngoni incursions from the south
Ngoni warbands driven north by the upheavals of the Mfecane crossed the Zambezi under leaders such as Zwangendaba, raiding and absorbing peoples and settling in the east of the region.
Upheaval, the slave trade and Livingstone
Sources: History of Zambia (Wikipedia) · History of Zambia (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Europe
- HRV
Croatia · Culture & Ideas · 1830s–1840s
The Illyrian movement and national revival
Led by Ljudevit Gaj, intellectuals and clergy promoted a standard Croatian literary language and South Slav cultural unity, laying the foundations of the modern Croatian nation.
The National Revival and the End of Austria-Hungary
Sources: Croatia: The Croatian national revival (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Croatia: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- FIN
Finland · Culture & Ideas
Elias Lonnrot publishes the Kalevala
Lonnrot published the Kalevala, a national epic assembled from oral folk poetry collected in Karelia; it strengthened the Finnish language and fed the national awakening that would culminate in independence.
The Grand Duchy of Finland under the Russian Empire
Sources: Elias Lonnrot (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Kalevala: the Finnish national epic (thisisFINLAND (Finland Promotion Board))
South America
- ECU
Ecuador · Culture & Ideas · 1835 CE
Darwin reaches the Galapagos
The naturalist Charles Darwin visits the Galapagos aboard HMS Beagle, gathering observations that help shape his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Cacao, Liberals and Bananas
Sources: History of Galapagos (Galapagos Conservancy) · About Galapagos (Charles Darwin Foundation)
2 records
Africa
- AGO
Angola · Politics & Power
Portugal abolishes the slave trade
Portugal formally outlawed the transatlantic slave trade, ending Luanda's centuries as a slaving port, though clandestine traffic and later forced labour persisted in Angola.
The slow conquest of the interior
Sources: Slavery in Angola (Wikipedia) · Portuguese Angola (Wikipedia)
- ZAF
South Africa · Peoples & Migration · from 1836
The Great Trek
Thousands of Voortrekkers left the Cape Colony for the interior, seeking independence from British rule and founding new Boer communities on lands occupied by African peoples.
British rule, the Mfecane, the Zulu kingdom and the Boer republics
Sources: Origins of the Battle of Blood River 1838 (South African History Online) · South Africa (country, history and government) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
5 records
Africa
- BWA
Botswana · War & Rupture · 1830s
Ndebele raids under Mzilikazi
Mzilikazi's Ndebele raid Tswana communities through the 1830s, capturing cattle, women and children before migrating north across the Limpopo.
The Tswana Nations and the Difaqane
Sources: Matabele Wars 1836–1896 (South African History Online) · Matabeleland: The Ndebele Empire in Southern Africa (World History Encyclopedia)
- LBY
Asia
- KAZ
Kazakhstan · War & Rupture · 1837–1847
Kenesary Kasymov's revolt
Kenesary Kasymov, a grandson of Ablai Khan, leads the largest Kazakh uprising against Russian rule, fighting to restore the independent khanate until he is killed in 1847.
The Russian Conquest of the Steppe
Sources: History of Kazakhstan (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies (Library of Congress, Federal Research Division)
Europe
- GBR
United Kingdom · Politics & Power · 1837–1901
The Victorian era and the height of empire
During Queen Victoria's long reign Britain became the world's foremost industrial and imperial power, its empire eventually spanning about a quarter of the globe.
Empire, industry, and the Victorian age
Sources: Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · British Empire (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- CAN
Canada · Politics & Power · 1837–1838
Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada
Armed uprisings against oligarchic colonial rule in both Canadas were suppressed but led to Lord Durham's report and, ultimately, to responsible government.
British conquest and colonial British North America
Sources: Canada (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
11 records
Africa
- ZAF
South Africa · War & Rupture · 16 December 1838
Battle of Blood River
A Voortrekker commando under Andries Pretorius defeated a large Zulu army at the Ncome (Blood) River, a battle long mythologised in Afrikaner nationalism and preceding the rise of Boer republics.
British rule, the Mfecane, the Zulu kingdom and the Boer republics
Sources: Origins of the Battle of Blood River 1838 (South African History Online) · South Africa (country, history and government) (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- ZWE
Zimbabwe · Peoples & Migration · c. 1838–1840
The Ndebele settle the south-west
Mzilikazi led the Ndebele north during the Mfecane and established a centralised military kingdom around Bulawayo, dominating the south-western plateau and its Shona inhabitants.
The Ndebele kingdom and British conquest
Sources: Mzilikazi (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Lobengula (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Zimbabwe: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
North America
- BLZ
Belize · Politics & Power · 1 August 1838
Emancipation completed
Following abolition across the British Empire from 1834, the apprenticeship system ended in British Honduras on 1 August 1838, freeing the enslaved; the freed African population formed the core of the colony's Creole society.
British Honduras and a plural society
Sources: History of Belize (Encyclopædia Britannica) · Guyana and Belize: Country Studies (Federal Research Division) (Library of Congress)
- CRI
Costa Rica · Politics & Power · 1838 CE
Withdrawal from the federation
Disenchanted with the strife of the United Provinces of Central America, Costa Rica severs its federal ties and charts an independent course.
Independence and a Coffee Republic
Sources: History of Costa Rica (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Costa Rica: Independence (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- DOM
Dominican Republic · Politics & Power · 16 Jul 1838
Founding of La Trinitaria
Juan Pablo Duarte founds the clandestine society La Trinitaria, organised in three-man cells, to undermine Haitian rule and build a movement for Dominican independence.
Haitian Rule and Dominican Independence
Sources: Juan Pablo Duarte (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- HND
Honduras · Independence · 1838 CE
Honduras becomes sovereign
Amid the federation's collapse, Honduras separates to become a fully independent state.
Independence, Federation, and Morazán
Sources: A Guide to the History of Recognition: Honduras (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian) · United Provinces of Central America (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- JAM
Jamaica · Politics & Power · 1 Aug 1838
Emancipation
After the Abolition Act of 1833 and a period of apprenticeship, the enslaved people of Jamaica gain full freedom.
Sugar, Slavery, and Resistance
Sources: Jamaica: British rule (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Jamaica: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- NIC
Nicaragua · Politics & Power · 1838 CE
Separation from the Central American federation
Amid regional rivalry, Nicaragua withdraws from the Federal Republic of Central America to become a fully sovereign state.
Independence, Rivalry, and the Filibuster
Sources: History of Nicaragua (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- TTO
Trinidad and Tobago · Politics & Power · 1 August 1838
Full emancipation
The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838, granting the formerly enslaved full freedom and leaving the colony's planters scrambling for new sources of labour.
British conquest and the much-contested Tobago
Sources: Trinidad and Tobago: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Indian Arrival Day (National Library and Information System Authority (NALIS), Trinidad and Tobago)
- USA
United States · Peoples & Migration
Trail of Tears
Under the Indian Removal Act, the United States forcibly marched the Cherokee and other southeastern nations west of the Mississippi; thousands died en route.
Expansion, slavery, and the Civil War
Sources: Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation; U.S. History Collections (Library of Congress)
South America
- GUY
Guyana · Peoples & Migration
Emancipation and Indian indenture
Full emancipation takes effect on 1 August 1838; the first indentured labourers from India arrive on 5 May 1838, beginning decades of immigration that reshape the colony's population.
British Guiana: Emancipation and Indenture
Sources: Guyana — History (Colonialism, Independence, Culture) (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Guyana and Belize: Country Studies (U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division)
11 records
Africa
- CPV
Cape Verde · Economy & Trade · from c. 1838
Mindelo becomes an Atlantic coaling station
The deep harbour of Porto Grande at Mindelo on São Vicente was developed as a coaling station for transatlantic steamships and later a submarine-cable relay, briefly making the port cosmopolitan and prosperous.
Creole culture, the coaling port, and the years of hunger
Sources: History of Cape Verde (Wikipedia) · History of Cabo Verde (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- GAB
Gabon · Colonisation
France treats with King Denis
The French officer Bouët-Willaumez signed a treaty in 1839 with the Mpongwe ruler Antchouwe Kowe Rapontchombo ("King Denis"), securing French trading and basing rights on the Gabon Estuary.
Libreville, Brazza, and French conquest
Sources: Libreville (Wikipedia) · History of Gabon (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Asia
- AFG
Afghanistan · War & Rupture · 1839–1842
First Anglo-Afghan War
Britain invades to install a friendly ruler but is overwhelmed; a British-Indian force is destroyed during its disastrous 1842 retreat from Kabul, an early clash of the Great Game.
The Durrani Empire and the Great Game
Sources: Anglo-Afghan Wars — History, Significance & Facts (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- CHN
China · Colonisation · 1839 CE
First Opium War and the 'unequal treaties'
War with Britain over the opium trade ends in Qing defeat and the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), ceding Hong Kong and opening treaty ports, the start of a century of foreign encroachment China calls its century of humiliation.
Empires of Conquest and Restoration: Yuan, Ming, Qing
Sources: China (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- TUR
Türkiye · Politics & Power · 1839–1876
The Tanzimat reforms
A wave of modernising reforms reorganised Ottoman law, taxation, education and the military in an effort to halt the empire's decline and integrate its diverse subjects.
The Ottoman Empire: Height and Decline
Sources: Ottoman Empire (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- YEM
Yemen · Colonisation
Britain captures Aden
The British East India Company seized the port of Aden, establishing a coaling station on the route to India that grew into one of the world's busiest ports after the Suez Canal opened in 1869.
Ottomans, Britain and the Port of Aden
Sources: Aden: Yemen, Map, Population and Facts (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · A Short History of the Aden Emergency (Imperial War Museums)
Europe
- BLR
Belarus · Religion
Suppression of the Uniate Church and Russification
The Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church was abolished and absorbed into Russian Orthodoxy, part of a sustained imperial policy of Russification that discouraged the Belarusian language and name.
The Commonwealth, Partition and the Russian Empire
Sources: History of Belarus (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- BEL
Belgium · Independence · 19 Apr 1839
Treaty of London guarantees Belgian neutrality
Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, Russia and the Netherlands recognised Belgium as an independent and perpetually neutral state and guaranteed its neutrality, the treaty later cited by Britain to enter the First World War.
Revolution, Independence and the Guaranteed Neutral Kingdom
Sources: The Treaty of London, 1839 (primary text) (FirstWorldWar.com Primary Documents) · Belgium: History (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
- LUX
Luxembourg · Politics & Power
Treaty of London: the cession to Belgium
The 1839 Treaty of London partitioned the Grand Duchy a third time, ceding its larger French-speaking western half to the new kingdom of Belgium while confirming the independence of the German-speaking remainder.
The Grand Duchy, the Second and Third Partitions, and Neutrality
Sources: The history of the Nassau dynasty (Cour grand-ducale (Grand Ducal Court of Luxembourg)) · History of the city of Luxembourg (Luxembourg City Tourist Office)
South America
- URY
Uruguay · War & Rupture · 1839-1851
The Guerra Grande
The rivalry of Colorados and Blancos erupts into the Guerra Grande; the Blanco Oribe besieges Montevideo for nine years while the Colorados, aided by foreign legions, hold the city.
Blancos, Colorados, and the Guerra Grande
Sources: Uruguay: The struggle for national identity (Encyclopaedia Britannica) · Uruguay (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Oceania
- VUT
Vanuatu · Religion
Missionaries arrive; Williams killed at Erromango
Christian missions began in the islands; the LMS missionary John Williams was killed at Erromango, the first of several martyrdoms as Christianity slowly took hold.
Sandalwood, Blackbirding and Missions
Sources: An Archaeology of Early Christianity in Vanuatu (Ch. 2: contact, labour and missions) (ANU Press) · Vanuatu — History (Melanesian, Colonization, Independence) (Encyclopædia Britannica)