Side by side
China and Mongolia compared
Two sourced records set beside each other — the figures each nation publishes, and the events each chronicle records of the other. Compared, never graded.
- Shared indicators
- 42
- Domains
- 9
- Crossed events
- 8
- Data through
- 2026-08-10
The figures, side by side
Each figure is the same observation, with the same source, as on the two dossiers. Every value shows the year it was observed — vintages differ by indicator and nation. A “—” is an absence in the source data, never a zero. Metric names link to the world ranking; values open the figure on its own dossier.
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Entangled histories
8 events in which either nation’s sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle; nothing here was written for this page.
- c. 209 BCE
The Xiongnu confederation reaches its height
At the close of the third century BCE the Xiongnu unite the eastern steppe under a supreme chanyu, forming a nomadic empire that rivals the Qin and Han dynasties of China for centuries.
Formation · from the Mongolia chronicle · Lords of the Steppe: The Xiongnu and Early Nomads · Xiongnu, History of Mongolia
- c. 48 CE
Break-up of the Xiongnu empire
After prolonged war with China and internal division, the Xiongnu confederation fractures; some tribes are absorbed into China while others scatter, ending the first great steppe empire centred on Mongolia.
War & Rupture · from the Mongolia chronicle · Lords of the Steppe: The Xiongnu and Early Nomads · Xiongnu
- 1227
Death of Chinggis Khan
Chinggis Khan dies in August 1227 during a campaign against the Tangut Xixia kingdom, leaving an empire reaching from northern China to the Caspian Sea and a realm divided among his four sons.
Politics & Power · from the Mongolia chronicle · Chinggis Khan and the Birth of the Mongol Nation · Genghis Khan
- 1271 CE
Kublai Khan founds the Mongol Yuan dynasty
Kublai Khan declares the Yuan dynasty in 1271 and completes the conquest of the Song by 1279, ruling China from Dadu (Beijing) as the first foreign-led dynasty to govern all of China.
War & Rupture · from the China chronicle · Empires of Conquest and Restoration: Yuan, Ming, Qing · Yuan dynasty, Yuan Dynasty
- 1271
Kublai Khan founds the Yuan dynasty
Chinggis Khan's grandson Kublai proclaims the Yuan dynasty in 1271 and completes the conquest of China by 1279, ruling all of China from Khanbaliq (Beijing) as its first non-Chinese sovereign.
Formation · from the Mongolia chronicle · The Great Empire: Karakorum, Kublai, and the Yuan · Kublai Khan, Mongol empire
- 1368
Fall of the Yuan and retreat to the steppe
The Chinese rebel Zhu Yuanzhang overthrows the Yuan and founds the Ming dynasty; the last Mongol emperor flees north into the steppes, ending Mongol rule over China.
War & Rupture · from the Mongolia chronicle · The Great Empire: Karakorum, Kublai, and the Yuan · Kublai Khan, Mongol empire
- 1691
Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing
The Khalkha Mongols of the north accept Manchu overlordship, bringing Mongolia under the Qing dynasty; the Manchus govern through the Mongol nobility and impose religious controls to secure their rule.
Colonisation · from the Mongolia chronicle · Buddhism and the Manchu Overlordship · History of Mongolia: The ascendancy of the Manchu, History of Mongolia
- 1911
Independence declared under the Bogd Khan
As the Qing collapses, Mongolia expels the Manchu official and proclaims the Javzandamba as Bogd Khan, head of an independent theocratic monarchy, though only autonomy under Chinese suzerainty is recognized abroad.
Independence · from the Mongolia chronicle · Independence, Revolution, and the People's Republic · Mongolia: Independence and revolution, Bogd Gegeen Khan