Rankings · Technology

Researchers (per million)

Full-time-equivalent researchers per million people.

Nations ranked
137
Highest
18,130
Lowest
1
Observed
2002–2024

The ten highest

Bars are drawn to the highest value in the table. Highest, not best: this page orders figures, it does not grade nations.

  1. 1🇱🇮Liechtenstein

    18,130  ·  observed 2023

  2. 2🇰🇷South Korea

    9,472  ·  observed 2023

  3. 3🇸🇪Sweden

    8,911  ·  observed 2023

  4. 4🇩🇰Denmark

    8,838  ·  observed 2023

  5. 5🇫🇮Finland

    8,315  ·  observed 2023

  6. 6🇳🇴Norway

    7,451  ·  observed 2023

  7. 7🇦🇹Austria

    6,634  ·  observed 2023

  8. 8🇳🇱Netherlands

    6,563  ·  observed 2023

  9. 9🇨🇭Switzerland

    6,108  ·  observed 2023

  10. 10🇧🇪Belgium

    5,990  ·  observed 2023

Every nation with data

Figures are per million people. This table mixes vintages: each publisher carries a nation’s latest available year, so the observations here run from 2002 to 2024 — every row shows its own.

  1. 1🇱🇮Liechtenstein18,130 · 2023
  2. 2🇰🇷South Korea9,472 · 2023
  3. 3🇸🇪Sweden8,911 · 2023
  4. 4🇩🇰Denmark8,838 · 2023
  5. 5🇫🇮Finland8,315 · 2023
  6. 6🇳🇴Norway7,451 · 2023
  7. 7🇦🇹Austria6,634 · 2023
  8. 8🇳🇱Netherlands6,563 · 2023
  9. 9🇨🇭Switzerland6,108 · 2023
  10. 10🇧🇪Belgium5,990 · 2023
  11. 11🇵🇹Portugal5,983 · 2023
  12. 12🇮🇸Iceland5,953 · 2023
  13. 13🇩🇪Germany5,926 · 2023
  14. 14🇮🇪Ireland5,753 · 2023
  15. 15🇨🇦Canada5,624 · 2022
  16. 16🇸🇮Slovenia5,616 · 2023
  17. 17🇯🇵Japan5,609 · 2023
  18. 18🇳🇿New Zealand5,435 · 2023
  19. 19🇫🇷France5,369 · 2023
  20. 20🇱🇺Luxembourg5,359 · 2023
  21. 21🇬🇷Greece5,283 · 2023
  22. 22🇺🇸United States4,937 · 2022
  23. 23🇪🇪Estonia4,800 · 2023
  24. 24🇦🇺Australia4,569 · 2010
  25. 25🇭🇺Hungary4,567 · 2023
  26. 26🇨🇿Czechia4,505 · 2023
  27. 27🇬🇧United Kingdom4,473 · 2017
  28. 28🇱🇹Lithuania3,704 · 2023
  29. 29🇵🇱Poland3,675 · 2023
  30. 30🇪🇸Spain3,654 · 2023
  31. 31🇸🇰Slovakia3,507 · 2023
  32. 32🇮🇹Italy2,855 · 2023
  33. 33🇷🇸Serbia2,688 · 2024
  34. 34🇹🇷Türkiye2,645 · 2023
  35. 35🇷🇺Russia2,639 · 2024
  36. 36🇦🇪United Arab Emirates2,607 · 2021
  37. 37🇭🇷Croatia2,440 · 2023
  38. 38🇧🇬Bulgaria2,401 · 2023
  39. 39🇲🇹Malta2,355 · 2023
  40. 40🇮🇷Iran2,240 · 2021
  41. 41🇱🇻Latvia2,191 · 2023
  42. 42🇨🇺Cuba2,171 · 2024
  43. 43🇨🇳China2,107 · 2023
  44. 44🇬🇪Georgia1,896 · 2024
  45. 45🇩🇿Algeria1,764 · 2024
  46. 46🇨🇾Cyprus1,686 · 2023
  47. 47🇹🇳Tunisia1,668 · 2024
  48. 48🇦🇿Azerbaijan1,663 · 2024
  49. 49🇹🇭Thailand1,592 · 2023
  50. 50🇧🇾Belarus1,568 · 2024
  51. 51🇦🇷Argentina1,313 · 2023
  52. 52🇸🇦Saudi Arabia1,235 · 2024
  53. 53🇲🇾Malaysia1,218 · 2022
  54. 54🇪🇬Egypt1,120 · 2024
  55. 55🇲🇦Morocco1,083 · 2016
  56. 56🇷🇴Romania1,082 · 2023
  57. 57🇶🇦Qatar948 · 2021
  58. 58🇦🇲Armenia942 · 2024
  59. 59🇺🇾Uruguay938 · 2024
  60. 60🇧🇷Brazil903 · 2014
  61. 61🇲🇰North Macedonia888 · 2024
  62. 62🇻🇳Vietnam836 · 2023
  63. 63🇲🇪Montenegro764 · 2019
  64. 64🇰🇿Kazakhstan758 · 2024
  65. 65🇴🇲Oman739 · 2024
  66. 66🇨🇱Chile707 · 2022
  67. 67🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina705 · 2024
  68. 68🇬🇱Greenland702 · 2004
  69. 69🇲🇺Mauritius689 · 2024
  70. 70🇲🇩Moldova650 · 2024
  71. 71🇺🇿Uzbekistan640 · 2024
  72. 72🇺🇦Ukraine586 · 2022
  73. 73🇵🇸Palestine584 · 2013
  74. 74🇯🇴Jordan576 · 2017
  75. 75🇸🇳Senegal572 · 2015
  76. 76🇲🇳Mongolia535 · 2022
  77. 77🇨🇷Costa Rica508 · 2023
  78. 78🇧🇳Brunei506 · 2022
  79. 79🇹🇹Trinidad and Tobago493 · 2022
  80. 80🇵🇰Pakistan474 · 2023
  81. 81🇿🇦South Africa444 · 2022
  82. 82🇲🇽Mexico438 · 2024
  83. 83🇦🇱Albania429 · 2022
  84. 84🇪🇨Ecuador400 · 2014
  85. 85🇮🇩Indonesia395 · 2020
  86. 86🇰🇪Kenya384 · 2024
  87. 87🇵🇷Puerto Rico332 · 2015
  88. 88🇵🇭Philippines320 · 2020
  89. 89🇲🇨Monaco310 · 2005
  90. 90🇮🇳India259 · 2020
  91. 91🇵🇦Panama250 · 2024
  92. 92🇧🇹Bhutan236 · 2024
  93. 93🇳🇦Namibia225 · 2022
  94. 94🇭🇳Honduras188 · 2019
  95. 95🇻🇪Venezuela180 · 2023
  96. 96🇧🇼Botswana180 · 2013
  97. 97🇮🇶Iraq164 · 2021
  98. 98🇸🇨Seychelles147 · 2005
  99. 99🇰🇼Kuwait145 · 2024
  100. 100🇸🇾Syria140 · 2022
  101. 101🇵🇾Paraguay139 · 2023
  102. 102🇸🇿Eswatini138 · 2015
  103. 103🇷🇼Rwanda133 · 2023
  104. 104🇨🇬Congo127 · 2022
  105. 105🇨🇻Cape Verde125 · 2014
  106. 106🇿🇼Zimbabwe95 · 2012
  107. 107🇱🇰Sri Lanka94 · 2022
  108. 108🇨🇴Colombia90 · 2017
  109. 109🇪🇹Ethiopia89 · 2017
  110. 110🇬🇭Ghana87 · 2015
  111. 111🇺🇬Uganda81 · 2023
  112. 112🇨🇮Ivory Coast64 · 2005
  113. 113🇧🇴Bolivia63 · 2021
  114. 114🇳🇵Nepal60 · 2002
  115. 115🇹🇬Togo58 · 2024
  116. 116🇹🇩Chad57 · 2016
  117. 117🇸🇻El Salvador55 · 2023
  118. 118🇬🇲Gambia51 · 2018
  119. 119🇧🇫Burkina Faso47 · 2010
  120. 120🇲🇿Mozambique44 · 2015
  121. 121🇿🇲Zambia42 · 2008
  122. 122🇵🇬Papua New Guinea33 · 2016
  123. 123🇲🇬Madagascar33 · 2018
  124. 124🇱🇸Lesotho32 · 2023
  125. 125🇰🇭Cambodia30 · 2015
  126. 126🇲🇲Myanmar28 · 2023
  127. 127🇳🇪Niger27 · 2013
  128. 128🇲🇱Mali26 · 2023
  129. 129🇲🇼Malawi25 · 2019
  130. 130🇧🇮Burundi22 · 2018
  131. 131🇳🇬Nigeria22 · 2019
  132. 132🇩🇴Dominican Republic20 · 2022
  133. 133🇹🇿Tanzania19 · 2013
  134. 134🇦🇴Angola19 · 2016
  135. 135🇱🇦Laos16 · 2002
  136. 136🇨🇩DR Congo10 · 2015
  137. 137🇬🇹Guatemala1 · 2023

No data

49 nations publish no figure for this indicator in the sources below. Absence is a fact about the world’s statistical apparatus, not a zero — these nations are not ranked.