Researchers (per million)

Not observed

49 nations publish no figure for this indicator in the sources below. Absence is a fact about the world’s statistical apparatus, not a zero — these nations hold their place as hatched gaps, and a gap has no underside to turn over.

• AfghanistanNOT OBSERVED
• AndorraNOT OBSERVED
• AntarcticaNOT OBSERVED

  Antarctica has no permanent population and no national government — it is administered under the Antarctic Treaty. No statistical agency compiles national indicators for it, so there is nothing here to report.

• BahamasNOT OBSERVED
• BangladeshNOT OBSERVED
• BelizeNOT OBSERVED
• BeninNOT OBSERVED
• CameroonNOT OBSERVED
• Central African RepublicNOT OBSERVED
• ComorosNOT OBSERVED
• DjiboutiNOT OBSERVED
• Equatorial GuineaNOT OBSERVED
• EritreaNOT OBSERVED
• Falkland IslandsNOT OBSERVED

  The Falkland Islands are a British Overseas Territory, administered by the United Kingdom; sovereignty is disputed by Argentina. They are not a separate reporting entity in World Bank datasets.

• FijiNOT OBSERVED
• French Southern and Antarctic LandsNOT OBSERVED

  The French Southern and Antarctic Lands have no permanent civilian population. They are administered from Réunion as an overseas territory of France and are not a separate reporting entity in international datasets.

• GabonNOT OBSERVED
• GuineaNOT OBSERVED
• Guinea-BissauNOT OBSERVED
• GuyanaNOT OBSERVED
• HaitiNOT OBSERVED
• JamaicaNOT OBSERVED
• KosovoNOT OBSERVED
• KyrgyzstanNOT OBSERVED
• LebanonNOT OBSERVED
• LiberiaNOT OBSERVED
• LibyaNOT OBSERVED
• MauritaniaNOT OBSERVED
• New CaledoniaNOT OBSERVED
• NicaraguaNOT OBSERVED
• North KoreaNOT OBSERVED
• Northern CyprusNOT OBSERVED

  Northern Cyprus is recognised as a state by Türkiye alone. It is not a member of the United Nations or the World Bank, and does not appear as a separate entity in the datasets these indicators are drawn from.

• PeruNOT OBSERVED
• San MarinoNOT OBSERVED
• São Tomé and PríncipeNOT OBSERVED
• Sierra LeoneNOT OBSERVED
• Solomon IslandsNOT OBSERVED
• SomaliaNOT OBSERVED
• SomalilandNOT OBSERVED

  Somaliland declared independence in 1991 and has not been recognised by the United Nations or any member state. Where its figures are collected at all, they are reported within Somalia's.

• South SudanNOT OBSERVED
• SudanNOT OBSERVED
• SurinameNOT OBSERVED
• TaiwanNOT OBSERVED

  Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations, and is excluded from the World Bank and UN series that supply most of this dossier. Its own statistical agencies publish extensively.

• TajikistanNOT OBSERVED
• Timor-LesteNOT OBSERVED
• TurkmenistanNOT OBSERVED
• VanuatuNOT OBSERVED
• Vatican CityNOT OBSERVED

  Vatican City has a resident population of a few hundred and does not compile the economic and social series these indicators are drawn from.

• YemenNOT OBSERVED