Rankings · Technology

R&D spending

Gross expenditure on research & development as a share of GDP.

Nations ranked
144
Highest
6.0%
Lowest
0.0%
Observed
2002–2024

The ten highest

Bars are drawn to the highest value in the table. Highest, not best: this page orders figures, it does not grade nations.

  1. 1🇱🇮Liechtenstein

    6.0%  ·  observed 2023

  2. 2🇰🇷South Korea

    4.9%  ·  observed 2023

  3. 3🇸🇪Sweden

    3.6%  ·  observed 2023

  4. 4🇺🇸United States

    3.4%  ·  observed 2023

  5. 5🇯🇵Japan

    3.4%  ·  observed 2023

  6. 6🇧🇪Belgium

    3.3%  ·  observed 2023

  7. 7🇦🇹Austria

    3.3%  ·  observed 2023

  8. 8🇨🇭Switzerland

    3.2%  ·  observed 2023

  9. 9🇩🇪Germany

    3.2%  ·  observed 2023

  10. 10🇫🇮Finland

    3.1%  ·  observed 2023

Every nation with data

Figures are shares of GDP. This table mixes vintages: each publisher carries a nation’s latest available year, so the observations here run from 2002 to 2024 — every row shows its own.

  1. 1🇱🇮Liechtenstein6.0% · 2023
  2. 2🇰🇷South Korea4.9% · 2023
  3. 3🇸🇪Sweden3.6% · 2023
  4. 4🇺🇸United States3.4% · 2023
  5. 5🇯🇵Japan3.4% · 2023
  6. 6🇧🇪Belgium3.3% · 2023
  7. 7🇦🇹Austria3.3% · 2023
  8. 8🇨🇭Switzerland3.2% · 2023
  9. 9🇩🇪Germany3.2% · 2023
  10. 10🇫🇮Finland3.1% · 2023
  11. 11🇩🇰Denmark3.0% · 2023
  12. 12🇬🇧United Kingdom2.7% · 2023
  13. 13🇮🇸Iceland2.6% · 2023
  14. 14🇨🇳China2.6% · 2023
  15. 15🇳🇱Netherlands2.3% · 2023
  16. 16🇫🇷France2.2% · 2023
  17. 17🇸🇮Slovenia2.1% · 2023
  18. 18🇦🇺Australia1.9% · 2021
  19. 19🇳🇴Norway1.9% · 2023
  20. 20🇪🇪Estonia1.8% · 2023
  21. 21🇨🇿Czechia1.8% · 2023
  22. 22🇨🇦Canada1.8% · 2024
  23. 23🇵🇹Portugal1.7% · 2023
  24. 24🇮🇪Ireland1.6% · 2023
  25. 25🇵🇱Poland1.6% · 2023
  26. 26🇳🇿New Zealand1.5% · 2023
  27. 27🇦🇪United Arab Emirates1.5% · 2021
  28. 28🇬🇷Greece1.5% · 2023
  29. 29🇪🇸Spain1.5% · 2023
  30. 30🇹🇷Türkiye1.4% · 2023
  31. 31🇭🇷Croatia1.4% · 2023
  32. 32🇮🇹Italy1.4% · 2023
  33. 33🇭🇺Hungary1.4% · 2023
  34. 34🇧🇷Brazil1.2% · 2023
  35. 35🇱🇺Luxembourg1.1% · 2023
  36. 36🇱🇹Lithuania1.0% · 2023
  37. 37🇸🇰Slovakia1.0% · 2023
  38. 38🇪🇬Egypt1.0% · 2024
  39. 39🇲🇾Malaysia1.0% · 2022
  40. 40🇷🇸Serbia0.9% · 2024
  41. 41🇷🇺Russia0.9% · 2024
  42. 42🇹🇭Thailand0.9% · 2023
  43. 43🇱🇻Latvia0.8% · 2023
  44. 44🇰🇪Kenya0.8% · 2024
  45. 45🇧🇬Bulgaria0.8% · 2023
  46. 46🇷🇼Rwanda0.8% · 2023
  47. 47🇹🇳Tunisia0.7% · 2019
  48. 48🇮🇷Iran0.7% · 2021
  49. 49🇺🇾Uruguay0.7% · 2023
  50. 50🇯🇴Jordan0.7% · 2016
  51. 51🇨🇾Cyprus0.7% · 2023
  52. 52🇶🇦Qatar0.7% · 2021
  53. 53🇲🇦Morocco0.7% · 2010
  54. 54🇲🇹Malta0.6% · 2023
  55. 55🇳🇦Namibia0.6% · 2022
  56. 56🇬🇱Greenland0.6% · 2004
  57. 57🇮🇳India0.6% · 2020
  58. 58🇸🇦Saudi Arabia0.6% · 2024
  59. 59🇿🇦South Africa0.6% · 2022
  60. 60🇦🇷Argentina0.6% · 2023
  61. 61🇧🇾Belarus0.6% · 2024
  62. 62🇬🇦Gabon0.6% · 2009
  63. 63🇸🇳Senegal0.6% · 2015
  64. 64🇧🇼Botswana0.6% · 2013
  65. 65🇷🇴Romania0.5% · 2023
  66. 66🇹🇿Tanzania0.5% · 2013
  67. 67🇵🇸Palestine0.5% · 2013
  68. 68🇩🇿Algeria0.4% · 2024
  69. 69🇨🇺Cuba0.4% · 2024
  70. 69🇪🇨Ecuador0.4% · 2014
  71. 71🇺🇬Uganda0.4% · 2023
  72. 72🇵🇷Puerto Rico0.4% · 2015
  73. 73🇻🇳Vietnam0.4% · 2023
  74. 74🇨🇩DR Congo0.4% · 2015
  75. 75🇨🇱Chile0.4% · 2022
  76. 76🇴🇲Oman0.4% · 2024
  77. 77🇨🇬Congo0.4% · 2022
  78. 78🇬🇭Ghana0.4% · 2010
  79. 79🇲🇰North Macedonia0.4% · 2024
  80. 80🇺🇦Ukraine0.4% · 2024
  81. 81🇲🇪Montenegro0.4% · 2019
  82. 82🇨🇷Costa Rica0.3% · 2023
  83. 83🇻🇪Venezuela0.3% · 2014
  84. 84🇲🇿Mozambique0.3% · 2015
  85. 85🇳🇵Nepal0.3% · 2010
  86. 86🇨🇴Colombia0.3% · 2020
  87. 87🇦🇲Armenia0.3% · 2024
  88. 88🇳🇬Nigeria0.3% · 2019
  89. 89🇮🇩Indonesia0.3% · 2020
  90. 90🇿🇲Zambia0.3% · 2008
  91. 91🇸🇿Eswatini0.3% · 2015
  92. 92🇧🇳Brunei0.3% · 2018
  93. 93🇵🇭Philippines0.3% · 2020
  94. 94🇪🇹Ethiopia0.3% · 2017
  95. 95🇬🇪Georgia0.3% · 2024
  96. 96🇲🇺Mauritius0.3% · 2024
  97. 97🇲🇽Mexico0.3% · 2024
  98. 98🇹🇩Chad0.2% · 2016
  99. 99🇸🇩Sudan0.2% · 2005
  100. 100🇹🇬Togo0.2% · 2024
  101. 101🇲🇩Moldova0.2% · 2024
  102. 102🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina0.2% · 2024
  103. 103🇧🇮Burundi0.2% · 2018
  104. 104🇦🇿Azerbaijan0.2% · 2024
  105. 105🇸🇨Seychelles0.2% · 2016
  106. 106🇦🇱Albania0.2% · 2022
  107. 107🇵🇦Panama0.2% · 2024
  108. 108🇲🇼Malawi0.2% · 2019
  109. 109🇵🇪Peru0.2% · 2023
  110. 110🇵🇰Pakistan0.2% · 2023
  111. 111🇰🇿Kazakhstan0.2% · 2024
  112. 112🇦🇩Andorra0.2% · 2022
  113. 113🇲🇱Mali0.1% · 2023
  114. 114🇵🇾Paraguay0.1% · 2023
  115. 115🇳🇮Nicaragua0.1% · 2015
  116. 116🇱🇰Sri Lanka0.1% · 2022
  117. 117🇧🇫Burkina Faso0.1% · 2024
  118. 118🇺🇿Uzbekistan0.1% · 2024
  119. 119🇸🇻El Salvador0.1% · 2023
  120. 120🇧🇹Bhutan0.1% · 2024
  121. 121🇱🇸Lesotho0.1% · 2023
  122. 122🇹🇲Turkmenistan0.1% · 2023
  123. 123🇹🇯Tajikistan0.1% · 2020
  124. 124🇰🇼Kuwait0.1% · 2024
  125. 125🇰🇭Cambodia0.1% · 2015
  126. 126🇲🇳Mongolia0.1% · 2022
  127. 127🇨🇮Ivory Coast0.1% · 2016
  128. 128🇬🇲Gambia0.1% · 2018
  129. 129🇨🇻Cape Verde0.1% · 2011
  130. 130🇧🇴Bolivia0.1% · 2021
  131. 131🇯🇲Jamaica0.1% · 2002
  132. 132🇭🇳Honduras0.1% · 2019
  133. 133🇰🇬Kyrgyzstan0.1% · 2024
  134. 134🇹🇹Trinidad and Tobago0.1% · 2022
  135. 135🇸🇾Syria0.0% · 2022
  136. 136🇮🇶Iraq0.0% · 2021
  137. 137🇲🇨Monaco0.0% · 2005
  138. 138🇱🇦Laos0.0% · 2002
  139. 139🇦🇴Angola0.0% · 2016
  140. 140🇵🇬Papua New Guinea0.0% · 2016
  141. 141🇲🇲Myanmar0.0% · 2023
  142. 142🇲🇬Madagascar0.0% · 2017
  143. 143🇲🇷Mauritania0.0% · 2018
  144. 144🇬🇹Guatemala0.0% · 2023

No data

42 nations publish no figure for this indicator in the sources below. Absence is a fact about the world’s statistical apparatus, not a zero — these nations are not ranked.