EgyptandAND⤬THE JUNCTION
16 SHARED EVENTSSudan

Entangled histories

16 events in which either nation’s sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle; nothing here was written for this page.

ONE SPINE OF YEARS · TWO WALLS OF EVENTS · EGY LEFT · SDN RIGHT

1. c. 2500–1500 BCE

   The Kerma culture

   The city-state of Kerma dominates the middle Nile, one of the earliest urban civilisations in sub-Saharan Africa and a rival of pharaonic Egypt.

   Formation · from the Sudan chronicle · Nubia, Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush · REFS 2 — Kingdom of Kush, The Kingdom of Kush

2. c. 1070 BCE

   Kush independent at Napata

   As Egypt's New Kingdom collapses, Kush re-emerges as an independent kingdom centred on Napata, near Gebel Barkal.

   Formation · from the Sudan chronicle · Nubia, Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush · REFS 2 — Kingdom of Kush, Sudan — The kingdom of Kush

3. c. 727 BCE

   Piye conquers Egypt — the 25th Dynasty

   The Kushite king Piye (Piankhi) brings Egypt under Nubian rule, founding the 25th Dynasty of "Black Pharaohs"; Taharqa later reigns at its height.

   War & Rupture · from the Sudan chronicle · Nubia, Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush · REFS 2 — Kingdom of Kush, The Kingdom of Kush

4. 671 BCE

   Assyrians expel the Kushites from Egypt

   Esarhaddon and then Ashurbanipal invade Egypt, driving the Kushite pharaohs back to Nubia by the 660s BCE.

   War & Rupture · from the Sudan chronicle · Nubia, Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush · REFS 1 — Kingdom of Kush

5. c. 593–590 BCE

   Capital moves to Meroe

   After Psamtik II of Egypt sacks Napata, the Kushite court shifts south to Meroe, beginning the Meroitic age of iron, script and pyramids.

   Politics & Power · from the Sudan chronicle · Nubia, Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush · REFS 2 — Kingdom of Kush, Sudan — The kingdom of Kush

6. c. 652 CE

   The Baqt treaty

   After repelling an Arab invasion, Makuria and Muslim Egypt agree to the Baqt, a durable pact of non-aggression and regulated trade.

   Politics & Power · from the Sudan chronicle · The Christian Kingdoms of Nubia · REFS 2 — Baqt, Christian Nubia and Muslim Egypt Sign Treaty

7. 1820–1821

   Turco-Egyptian conquest; Khartoum founded

   Muhammad Ali's armies conquer the Sudan; Khartoum is founded c. 1821 at the junction of the Blue and White Niles as the seat of Egyptian rule.

   Colonisation · from the Sudan chronicle · Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt · REFS 2 — History of Sudan — Egyptian-Ottoman rule over the Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan (1821– )

8. 1881

   Muhammad Ahmad proclaims himself the Mahdi

   A religious teacher declares himself the awaited redeemer and launches a holy war against Turco-Egyptian rule.

   Religion · from the Sudan chronicle · Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt · REFS 2 — Mahdist State, Battle of Omdurman

9. 2 September 1898

   Battle of Omdurman

   Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army destroys the Khalifa's forces with overwhelming firepower, ending the Mahdist state.

   War & Rupture · from the Sudan chronicle · Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt · REFS 2 — Battle of Omdurman, Mahdist State

10. 19 January 1899

    Anglo-Egyptian agreement fixes the 22nd parallel as the Sudan limit

    Britain and Egypt agree on the joint administration of the Sudan, defining it as all territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude. Egypt still cites this line as its international boundary with Sudan.

    Colonisation · from the Egypt chronicle · Ottoman Rule, Muhammad Ali and British Occupation · REFS 3 — Sudan Convention (1899), International Boundary Study No. 18: Egypt (United Arab Republic) – Sudan Boundary (1962), Egypt: Declaration to the UN Secretary-General (4 May 2017)

11. 1899

    Anglo-Egyptian Condominium established

    Sudan is placed under joint British and Egyptian rule by the Condominium agreements of January and July 1899.

    Colonisation · from the Sudan chronicle · Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt · REFS 2 — Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

12. 19 January 1899

    The 22nd parallel fixed as the limit of the Sudan

    Article I of the Anglo-Egyptian agreement on the administration of the Sudan defines the Sudan as all the territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude, initially the boundary with Egypt. Egypt continues to cite the parallel as the international boundary.

    Colonisation · from the Sudan chronicle · Turco-Egyptian Rule and the Mahdist Revolt · REFS 3 — Sudan Convention (1899), International Boundary Study No. 18: Egypt (United Arab Republic) – Sudan Boundary (1962), Egypt: Declaration to the UN Secretary-General (4 May 2017)

13. 4 November 1902

    Administrative line drawn for nomadic tribes on the Sudan border

    The Egyptian Minister of the Interior activates an administrative boundary east of the Nile that departs from the 22nd parallel so as to keep tribal areas together: the Ababda under Egyptian administration, the Bisharin under Sudanese. Egypt describes such arrangements as provisional; the 22nd parallel remained the international boundary.

    Colonisation · from the Egypt chronicle · Ottoman Rule, Muhammad Ali and British Occupation · REFS 2 — International Boundary Study No. 18: Egypt (United Arab Republic) – Sudan Boundary (1962), Egypt: Declaration to the UN Secretary-General (4 May 2017)

14. 4 November 1902

    An administrative line departs from the 22nd parallel

    A decree of the Egyptian Minister of the Interior, following an arrete of 25 July 1902, sets an administrative boundary in the east to facilitate the administration of nomadic tribes: the Bisharin under Sudanese administration and the Ababda under Egyptian administration. It leaves an area north of the parallel by the Red Sea administered by Sudan and an area south of it administered by Egypt; the international boundary remains the 22nd parallel. The difference between the two lines leaves the Halaib area, about 20,580 square kilometres on the Red Sea coast, and the landlocked Bir Tawil, about 2,060 square kilometres, which in practice neither state claims.

    Colonisation · from the Sudan chronicle · Independence and the Long Civil Wars · REFS 4 — International Boundary Study No. 18: Egypt (United Arab Republic) – Sudan Boundary (1962), Egypt: Declaration to the UN Secretary-General (4 May 2017), The Egypt-Sudan Border Dispute, Creating the Kingdom of North Sudan (11 May 2015)

15. 1 January 1956

    Independence of the Sudan

    Sudan becomes a sovereign republic, ending Anglo-Egyptian rule; its parliament chooses independence over union with Egypt.

    Independence · from the Sudan chronicle · Independence and the Long Civil Wars · REFS 2 — Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, Sudan

16. 1 February 1958

    Egypt asks for the territory north of the 22nd parallel

    After a Sudanese election order covers areas north of the 22nd parallel that Sudan had administered since 1902, Egypt sends a note requesting their return, offering in exchange to hand over the Egyptian-administered area south of the parallel. Sudan replies that Egypt had not objected to two earlier elections there. Sudan states that it has written to the UN Security Council about the area every year since 1958.

    Politics & Power · from the Sudan chronicle · Independence and the Long Civil Wars · REFS 3 — International Boundary Study No. 18: Egypt (United Arab Republic) – Sudan Boundary (1962), Sudan: Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (3 March 2017), Egypt: Declaration to the UN Secretary-General (4 May 2017)