IndiaandAND⤬THE JUNCTION
15 SHARED EVENTSPakistan

Entangled histories

15 events in which either nation’s sourced chronicle names the other — including under earlier names of the same state. Each is the same record, with the same sources, as on its own chronicle; nothing here was written for this page.

ONE SPINE OF YEARS · TWO WALLS OF EVENTS · IND LEFT · PAK RIGHT

1. c. 2600 BCE

   Mohenjo-daro flourishes

   Mohenjo-daro, on the Indus in modern Pakistan, becomes one of the civilisation's largest cities and is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its Great Bath and citadel.

   Culture & Ideas · from the India chronicle · The Indus Valley Civilisation · REFS 2 — Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro, Indus Valley Civilization

2. 1906

   Founding of the All-India Muslim League

   The All-India Muslim League is founded to represent the political interests of India's Muslims; it would become the engine of the Pakistan Movement.

   Politics & Power · from the Pakistan chronicle · The British Raj and the Pakistan Movement · REFS 2 — Pakistan: A Country Study, Mohammed Ali Jinnah

3. 15 Aug 1947

   Independence and Partition

   India becomes independent from Britain under Prime Minister Nehru as the subcontinent is partitioned into India and Pakistan, unleashing mass migration and communal violence.

   Independence · from the India chronicle · Independence, Partition and the Modern Republic · REFS 2 — Partition of India, Republic Day, India

4. 14 Aug 1947

   Independence of Pakistan

   Pakistan becomes independent under the Indian Independence Act, with Jinnah as Governor-General and Liaquat Ali Khan as prime minister, comprising West and East Pakistan.

   Independence · from the Pakistan chronicle · Partition and Independence · REFS 2 — Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Indian Independence Act

5. 18 Jul 1947

   Indian Independence Act passed

   The British Parliament passes the Indian Independence Act, partitioning British India and providing for the creation of the dominions of India and Pakistan.

   Independence · from the Pakistan chronicle · The British Raj and the Pakistan Movement · REFS 1 — Indian Independence Act

6. 26 Oct 1947

   Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir

   Maharaja Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession to India, effective on Governor-General Mountbatten's acceptance on 27 October. Mountbatten added that the question should be settled by a reference to the people once order was restored. India says the accession was lawful, complete and final. Pakistan says it was obtained under duress and in breach of the Standstill Agreement, and has not accepted it.

   Independence · from the India chronicle · Independence, Partition and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)

7. 26 Oct 1947

   Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir

   Maharaja Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession to India, effective on Governor-General Mountbatten's acceptance on 27 October. Mountbatten added that the question should be settled by a reference to the people once order was restored. India says the accession was lawful, complete and final. Pakistan says it was obtained under duress and in breach of the Standstill Agreement, and has not accepted it.

   Independence · from the Pakistan chronicle · Partition and Independence · REFS 1 — Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)

8. 1947–1948

   Partition violence and mass migration

   Up to 12–20 million people are uprooted and an estimated one to two million die in massacres and forced migration along the new India–Pakistan border.

   Peoples & Migration · from the India chronicle · Independence, Partition and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — Partition of India

9. 24 Oct 1947

   Poonch revolt and the Azad Kashmir government

   Unrest in the Poonch district over taxes and disarmament became an armed revolt from late August 1947, and a Provisional Azad Kashmir government was proclaimed on 24 October. Christopher Snedden holds that the revolt was largely local, with unofficial Pakistani help at first; other accounts say Pakistani Muslim League figures organised or assisted it. Indian accounts date the start of the conflict to the tribal entry of 22 October; Pakistani accounts describe a local rising.

   Politics & Power · from the Pakistan chronicle · Partition and Independence · REFS 1 — The forgotten Poonch uprising of 1947

10. 21 Apr 1948

    UN Security Council Resolution 47

    The Council recommended that Pakistan secure the withdrawal of tribesmen and non-resident Pakistani nationals, that India reduce its forces to the minimum needed for order, and that a UN Plebiscite Administrator be appointed. It was adopted paragraph by paragraph, with no objection and with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR abstaining. No plebiscite was held: India says Pakistan never took the first step of withdrawal, while Pakistan says India refused each demilitarisation scheme.

    Politics & Power · from the India chronicle · Independence, Partition and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — UN Security Council Resolution 47 (1948)

11. 21 Apr 1948

    UN Security Council Resolution 47

    The Council recommended that Pakistan secure the withdrawal of tribesmen and non-resident Pakistani nationals, that India reduce its forces to the minimum needed for order, and that a UN Plebiscite Administrator be appointed. It was adopted paragraph by paragraph, with no objection and with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR abstaining. No plebiscite was held: India says Pakistan never took the first step of withdrawal, while Pakistan says India refused each demilitarisation scheme.

    Politics & Power · from the Pakistan chronicle · Partition and Independence · REFS 1 — UN Security Council Resolution 47 (1948)

12. 16 Dec 1971

    Loss of East Pakistan and birth of Bangladesh

    After a brutal war and Indian intervention, Pakistani forces surrender at Dhaka and East Pakistan becomes the independent state of Bangladesh, dismembering the country.

    War & Rupture · from the Pakistan chronicle · Bangladesh, Military Rule and the Modern Republic · REFS 2 — Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 India-Pakistan War

13. 2 Jul 1972

    Simla Agreement and the Line of Control

    Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto agreed that in Jammu and Kashmir the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 'shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side'. Each government maintains its own claim to the whole of the former princely state, whose parts are administered by India, Pakistan and China.

    Politics & Power · from the India chronicle · Independence, Partition and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — Simla Agreement, 2 July 1972

14. 2 Jul 1972

    Simla Agreement and the Line of Control

    Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto agreed that in Jammu and Kashmir the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 'shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side'. Each government maintains its own claim to the whole of the former princely state, whose parts are administered by India, Pakistan and China.

    Politics & Power · from the Pakistan chronicle · Bangladesh, Military Rule and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — Simla Agreement, 2 July 1972

15. 28 May 1998

    Pakistan conducts nuclear tests

    Following India's tests, Pakistan detonates nuclear devices in Balochistan, openly joining the ranks of nuclear-armed states.

    War & Rupture · from the Pakistan chronicle · Bangladesh, Military Rule and the Modern Republic · REFS 1 — Pakistan: A Country Study