- — South America:
Dollarisation
Amid financial collapse President Jamil Mahuad adopts the US dollar as Ecuador's currency, abandoning the sucre; he is ousted days later but the dollar stays.
Era: Oil, Dollar and the Modern Crisis
Sources: History of Ecuador · Encyclopaedia Britannica, The World Bank in Ecuador: Overview · The World Bank
- — Africa:
Wealth amid deep inequality
Oil gave Equatorial Guinea one of Africa's highest GDP-per-capita figures, yet much of the population remained poor; the government faced sustained criticism over corruption, human rights and the concentration of wealth in the ruling family.
Era: Obiang, oil, and inequality
Sources: Equatorial Guinea · Encyclopædia Britannica, History of Equatorial Guinea · Wikipedia
- — North America:
Panama administers the canal
The Panama Canal Authority assumes full management of the waterway, anchoring a service and logistics economy.
Era: The Canal Nation
Sources: The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties · U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Panama · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Africa:
Fast-track land reform
The government backed often-violent seizures of white-owned commercial farms; the disruption, with drought and sanctions, helped trigger a severe economic collapse.
Era: Independence, Gukurahundi and the Mugabe years
Sources: Zimbabwe: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Zimbabwe · Wikipedia
- — South America:
- — North America:
Dollarisation
El Salvador retires its national currency, the colon, and adopts the US dollar as legal tender, deepening ties to the United States economy and to migrant remittances.
Era: Postwar El Salvador and the Bukele Era
Sources: El Salvador: The postconflict era · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Africa:
Reconstruction and the oil boom
Peace allowed Angola to rebuild on the back of surging oil revenues, driving rapid growth in the 2000s amid persistent inequality and corruption.
Era: Peace and oil-rich modern Angola
Sources: Angola — Colonialism, Independence, Civil War (history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Angola · Wikipedia
- — Europe:
The euro in French Guiana
French Guiana, a département of France, uses the euro; the Banque de France’s subsidiary IEDOM acts as its central-bank delegate in overseas territories whose currency is the euro.
Era: The Republics & the Modern Nation
Sources: Institut d’émission des départements d’outre-mer · IEDOM (Banque de France)
- — Europe:
Unilateral adoption of the euro
Montenegro made the euro its sole legal tender from March 2002, a unilateral euroisation undertaken without European Central Bank agreement that distanced its economy from Serbia's.
Era: Rump Yugoslavia, the State Union and the Road to the 2006 Referendum
Sources: Euroisation: Montenegro's adoption of the Deutsche Mark and then the euro (sole legal tender from March 2002) · Central Bank of Montenegro (Centralna banka Crne Gore)
- — North America:
Tourism-led growth takes off
The Dominican Republic emerges as the Caribbean's leading tourist destination, with Punta Cana's resorts and Santo Domingo's colonial city anchoring a fast-growing services economy.
Era: The Modern Tourism Republic
Sources: Dominican Republic Overview · The World Bank, History of the Dominican Republic · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Africa:
Angola joins OPEC
Angola became a member of OPEC, underscoring its standing as one of Africa's leading oil producers and the centrality of crude oil to its economy.
Era: Peace and oil-rich modern Angola
Sources: History of Angola · Wikipedia, Beyond Mugabe: Angola's Strongman Also Bowed Out in 2017 · The Globalist
- — Africa:
Graduation from least-developed status
Buoyed by tourism, remittances and stable governance, Cape Verde graduated from the UN list of least-developed countries — a rare achievement for an African state — confirming its development progress.
Era: A stable democracy and a global people
Sources: History of Cape Verde · Wikipedia, Cabo Verde — Country Overview · World Bank Group
- — Africa:
A cocaine transit "narco-state"
Weak institutions, porous borders and an archipelago of uninhabited islands made Guinea-Bissau a major transit point for Latin American cocaine bound for Europe; the UN described it as the first African "narco-state", with the drug trade rivalling the legal economy.
Era: Instability, civil war and the cocaine route
Sources: West Africa under attack from narco-trafficking · UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Guinea-Bissau's illegal drug economy · Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Cocaine and Guinea-Bissau: How Africa's 'narco-state' is trying to kick its habit · BBC News
- — Europe:
Adoption of the euro
Slovenia became the first of the 2004 entrants to adopt the euro, replacing the tolar on 1 January 2007 and completing its integration into the core of the European Union.
Era: A European Republic and the Border Arbitration
Sources: Slovenia – EU country · European Union (european-union.europa.eu)
- — Asia:
Accession to the World Trade Organization
Vietnam joins the WTO, cementing its integration into the global economy and accelerating an export-driven manufacturing boom.
Era: Doi Moi Reforms and Modern Vietnam
Sources: Trade Policy Review: Viet Nam (WT/TPR/G/287) · World Trade Organization, Vietnam · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Africa:
Joined, then delisted, by the transparency initiative
Equatorial Guinea joins the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in February 2008 and is delisted in April 2010; a fresh application in October 2019 is refused by the EITI Board in February 2020.
Era: Obiang, oil, and inequality
Sources: Equatorial Guinea — country page · Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
- — Europe:
Collapse of the banks
The three big Icelandic banks, whose assets dwarfed the economy, failed within days in October 2008 in the largest banking collapse relative to GDP in history; the state passed emergency laws and turned to the IMF before recovering.
Era: The Cod Wars and the Modern Republic
Sources: History of Iceland from 1944 · nordics.info (Aarhus University), Iceland: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Africa:
Hyperinflation and dollarisation
Inflation reached among the highest rates ever recorded, peaking in late 2008; in 2009 Zimbabwe abandoned its own currency for foreign ones such as the US dollar.
Era: Independence, Gukurahundi and the Mugabe years
Sources: Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe · Wikipedia, Zimbabwe: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Asia:
Oyu Tolgoi and the mining boom
Agreement to develop the giant Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold deposit anchors a mining boom that multiplies Mongolia's income, reorients its economy from herding, and accelerates migration to Ulaanbaatar.
Era: Democratic Mongolia
Sources: History of Mongolia: Mongolia since 1990 · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mongolia · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- — Europe:
Slovakia adopts the euro
Slovakia adopted the euro on 1 January 2009, becoming the sixteenth member of the euro area and the first of the Visegrád states to do so.
Era: Independent Slovakia in Europe
Sources: Slovakia and the euro · European Commission (Economy and Finance)
Economy & Trade in the 2000s
Every event in the Terralore archive tagged economy and trade — trade, currency, industry and resources, narrowed to the 2000s — 20 of them, drawn from 17 nations, running from 2000 to 2009. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.
- Events
- 20
- Nations
- 17
- Earliest
- 2000
- Latest
- 2009
- Africa
- 8
- Europe
- 5
- North America
- 3
- Asia
- 2
- South America
- 2
Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.