FormationThe 12th century

Formation in the 12th century

Every event in the Terralore archive tagged formation — origins, unifications and the founding of states as each nation's archive records them, narrowed to the 12th century — 11 of them, drawn from 11 nations, running from 1100 to 1199. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.

Events
11
Nations
11
Earliest
1100
Latest
1199
Europe
7
Africa
2
Asia
2

Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.

  1. Africa

    Ghana

    Rise of Bono and the early Akan states

    The Bono, regarded by tradition as the first Akan state-builders, established centres such as Bono Manso, with the nearby town of Begho growing into a major forest trading hub for gold, kola, and ivory.

    Era: The Akan forest states and the gold trade

    Sources: Bono people / Bono State · Wikipedia, Ghana (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  2. Africa

    Tanzania

    Shirazi dynasty founds Kilwa

    According to the Kilwa Chronicle, the Shirazi line founds the ruling house of Kilwa Kisiwani; the city begins its rise as a Swahili trading power.

    Era: Bantu Settlers and the Swahili Coast

    Sources: Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Kilwa Kisiwani · Wikipedia

  3. Europe

    Italy

    Roger II crowned King of Sicily

    Norman conquests in the south were united when Roger II was crowned King of Sicily, creating a wealthy multicultural kingdom of Latins, Greeks and Arabs.

    Era: Medieval Italy: Papacy, Communes and Normans

    Sources: Kingdom of Sicily (Norman conquest; coronation of Roger II, 1130) · Wikipedia, Italian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D. (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History) · The Metropolitan Museum of Art

  4. Europe

    Portugal

    Battle of Ourique

    By tradition, Afonso Henriques took the title of king of Portugal after defeating a Muslim army at Ourique, asserting the county's break from the kingdom of Leon.

    Era: From County to Kingdom: Afonso Henriques and the Reconquista

    Sources: Afonso I, king of Portugal · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Portugal: The kingdom and the Reconquista · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  5. Europe

    Luxembourg

    The town is walled

    The settlement gathered beneath Siegfried's castle was enclosed with stone ramparts around the middle of the twelfth century, beginning its long evolution into a fortified city.

    Era: Siegfried's Rock and the County of Luxembourg

    Sources: History of the city of Luxembourg · Luxembourg City Tourist Office, History of the City of Luxembourg · Ville de Luxembourg (City of Luxembourg)

  6. Europe

    Serbia

    Stefan Nemanja founds the Nemanjić state

    As grand chieftain of Raška, Stefan Nemanja united the Serb principalities and founded the Nemanjić dynasty, which would develop Serbia into a major medieval Balkan power.

    Era: The Medieval Serbian State under the Nemanjić Dynasty

    Sources: Stefan Nemanja · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nemanjić Dynasty · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  7. Europe

    Bulgaria

    Revolt of Asen and Peter restores the state

    The boyar brothers Asen and Peter rose against Byzantine rule and within a year won recognition of a restored Bulgarian realm, founding the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at Tarnovo.

    Era: The Second Bulgarian Empire and the Ottoman Conquest

    Sources: History of Bulgaria · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria, About Bulgaria: History · Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria (gov.bg)

  8. Europe

    Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Charter of Ban Kulin

    Ban Kulin granted the merchants of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) freedom to trade across Bosnia; the document is one of the oldest state charters of the South Slavs and a landmark of early Bosnian statehood.

    Era: Medieval Bosnia: Banate, Kingdom and the Bosnian Church

    Sources: The Charter of Ban Kulin (1189) · Sarajevo Times, Bosnia and Herzegovina: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  9. Asia

    Cyprus

    The Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus

    Guy de Lusignan, former king of Jerusalem, took possession of Cyprus, founding a French feudal dynasty that ruled the island as a Latin Crusader kingdom for nearly three centuries.

    Era: Crusader Kingdom, Venetian Colony and Ottoman Conquest

    Sources: Cyprus: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  10. Asia

    Armenia

    Kingdom of Cilician Armenia

    Leo II was crowned king Leo I, raising the Armenian principality in Cilicia to a kingdom that, allied with the Crusaders, lasted until its conquest by the Mamluks in 1375.

    Era: Bagratid Ani and Cilician Armenia

    Sources: Little Armenia (Cilician Armenia) · Encyclopædia Britannica

  11. Europe

    Ukraine

    Principality of Galicia-Volhynia formed

    Roman Mstyslavych united Galicia and Volhynia into a single powerful principality in the south-west, one of the major successor states to emerge as Kievan Rus' fragmented.

    Era: Kievan Rus' and the Baptism of 988

    Sources: History of Ukraine · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kyivan Rus · Encyclopaedia Britannica