FormationThe 9th century

Formation in the 9th century

Every event in the Terralore archive tagged formation — origins, unifications and the founding of states as each nation's archive records them, narrowed to the 9th century — 14 of them, drawn from 14 nations, running from 800 to 885. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.

Events
14
Nations
14
Earliest
800
Latest
885
Europe
7
Asia
4
Africa
2
South America
1

Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.

  1. South America

    Colombia

    Rise of the Muisca

    The Muisca chiefdoms flourish on the high plateau around Bogota and Tunja, celebrated for goldwork, salt, and trade across the Andes.

    Era: Goldsmiths and Megalith Carvers

    Sources: History of Colombia · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Museo del Oro (Gold Museum) · Banco de la Republica de Colombia

  2. Africa

    Nigeria

    Rise of the Kanem empire

    Around Lake Chad the empire of Kanem emerged under the Sayfawa dynasty, growing wealthy as the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and gradually adopting Islam.

    Era: The great precolonial kingdoms: Kanem-Bornu, Hausa, Oyo and Benin

    Sources: The Bornu Empire · Lumen Learning, World Civilization, Nigeria (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  3. Asia

    Cambodia

    Jayavarman II founds the Khmer Empire

    Jayavarman II is consecrated as devaraja and universal ruler on Mahendraparvata, asserting Khmer independence and inaugurating the empire of Angkor.

    Era: The Khmer Empire and Angkor

    Sources: Jayavarman II · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khmer empire · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  4. Africa

    Morocco

    Idris II founds Fez

    Idris II establishes Fez as his capital; it becomes a leading political and religious centre of the western Islamic world.

    Era: Islam and the Idrisid Dynasty

    Sources: Idrisid dynasty · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  5. Asia

    Tajikistan

    The Samanid Empire centred on Bukhara

    The Persian Samanid dynasty rules eastern Iran and Central Asia from Bukhara, making the city a focal point of Islamic civilisation and a hub of Persianate culture.

    Era: The Samanid Golden Age

    Sources: Samanid dynasty · Encyclopædia Britannica, Sogdiana — Central Asia, Silk Road, Persian Empire · Encyclopædia Britannica

  6. Europe

    Slovakia

    Founding of Great Moravia

    Prince Mojmír I expelled Pribina of Nitra and united the principalities of Moravia and Nitra into Great Moravia, the first powerful Slavic state of central Europe, with the Slovak lands at its core.

    Era: Great Moravia and the Mission of Cyril and Methodius

    Sources: History of Slovakia · Slovakia.travel (official tourism portal), Moravia (and Great Moravia) · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  7. Europe

    Ireland

    Founding of Dublin as a longphort

    The Vikings built a fortified ship-camp (longphort) at Dublin in 841 and overwintered there, founding what would become Ireland's most important town and a hub of Norse trade.

    Era: Vikings, Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf

    Sources: The Vikings in Ireland · World History Encyclopedia, How the Vikings Shaped Ireland · TheCollector

  8. Europe

    France

    Treaty of Verdun

    Charlemagne's empire is split; West Francia becomes the seed of France.

    Era: The Franks & the Birth of France

    Sources: Treaty of Verdun · Encyclopædia Britannica

  9. Asia

    Myanmar

    Founding of Bagan

    The city of Bagan is traditionally established on a bend of the Irrawaddy, later to become the seat of the first Burmese kingdom.

    Era: The Kingdom of Pagan (Bagan)

    Sources: Pagan kingdom · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Bagan · UNESCO World Heritage Centre

  10. Europe

    Belarus

    Rise of the Principality of Polotsk

    The Krivichi formed a principality around Polotsk on the Western Dvina, the oldest centre of statehood on Belarusian soil and an early constituent of Kievan Rus with a strong tradition of autonomy.

    Era: Polotsk and the Early East Slavs

    Sources: Belarus · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Belarus · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  11. Europe

    Norway

    Battle of Hafrsfjord

    Harald Fairhair defeated a coalition of petty kings from the south-west at Hafrsfjord, the decisive victory by which tradition holds he became the first king over all of Norway.

    Era: The Viking Age and the Unification of Norway

    Sources: Harald 1 Hårfagre · Store norske leksikon

  12. Europe

    Croatia

    Papal recognition of Duke Branimir

    Pope John VIII acknowledged the rule of Duke Branimir over the Croatian realm, aligning the Croats with the Latin Church of Rome and marking the emergence of Croatia as a recognised state.

    Era: Roman Dalmatia, Pannonia and the Coming of the Croats

    Sources: Croatia in Europe through the Ages: Development of the State · Croatia.eu (Miroslav Krleza Institute of Lexicography), Croatia: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  13. Europe

    Russia

    Oleg seizes Kiev and founds Kievan Rus'

    The Varangian prince Oleg, successor to Rurik of Novgorod, captures Kiev and makes it his capital, uniting the river towns of the Dnieper-Volkhov route into the first East Slavic state.

    Era: Kievan Rus' and the Mongol Yoke

    Sources: Russia · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kyivan Rus · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  14. Asia

    Armenia

    Bagratid kingdom restored

    Ashot I of the Bagratuni dynasty was recognised as king of Armenia by both the caliph and the Byzantine emperor, reviving an independent Armenian monarchy.

    Era: Bagratid Ani and Cilician Armenia

    Sources: Bagratid dynasty (Armenian dynasty) · Encyclopædia Britannica, Ani, historical city, Armenia · Encyclopædia Britannica