A thematic collection

Formation

Every event in the Terralore archive tagged formation — origins, unifications and the founding of states as each nation's archive records them. 322 of them, drawn from 162 nations, running from 100,000 BCE to 2012. Indexed below by period; each period opens the full text, with the sources every entry was verified against and a link back to the chronicle it came from.

Events
322
Nations
162
Earliest
100,000 BCE
Latest
2012
Densest period
The 18th century27 events
Asia
102
Africa
90
Europe
90
North America
22
South America
15
Oceania
3

Each period below opens a page holding those events in full — summary, era and citations. Every entry is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.

1 event · 1 nation

Deep prehistory

Every theme in deep prehistory →

  1. Deep prehistory

    The Cradle of HumankindSouth Africa

All 1 events in deep prehistory →

1 event · 1 nation

The 8th millennium BCE

Every theme in the 8th millennium BCE →

  1. c. 7100 BCE

    The Neolithic town of ÇatalhöyükTürkiye

All 1 events in the 8th millennium BCE →

1 event · 1 nation

The 7th millennium BCE

Every theme in the 7th millennium BCE →

  1. c. 7000–4000 BCE

    The Neolithic settlement of ChoirokoitiaCyprus

All 1 events in the 7th millennium BCE →

4 events · 3 nations

The 4th millennium BCE

Every theme in the 4th millennium BCE →

  1. c. 3500 BCE

    Naqada cultures flourish in Upper EgyptEgypt

  2. c. 3500–2000 BCE

    The proto-urban settlement of SarazmTajikistan

  3. c. 3200 BCE

    The kingdom of Elam and the city of SusaIran

  4. c. 3100 BCE

    Unification under Narmer (Menes)Egypt

All 4 events in the 4th millennium BCE →

12 events · 12 nations

The 3rd millennium BCE

Every theme in the 3rd millennium BCE →

  1. c. 3000 BCE

    Byblos trades cedar with EgyptLebanon

  2. c. 3000 BCE

    Canaanite city-states of the Bronze AgePalestine

  3. c. 3000-1800 BCE

    The Sacred City of Caral-SupePeru

  4. c. 2879 BCE (traditional)

    Legendary founding of Van LangVietnam

  5. c. 2600 BCE

    Mature urban phase of the Indus citiesIndia

  6. c. 2600 BCE

    Mature phase of the Indus citiesPakistan

  7. c. 2500–1500 BCE

    The Kerma cultureSudan

  8. c. 2600–2240 BCE

    The kingdom of EblaSyria

All 12 events in the 3rd millennium BCE →4 more not shown here

10 events · 9 nations

The 2nd millennium BCE

Every theme in the 2nd millennium BCE →

  1. c. 2000–1450 BCE

    Rise of the Minoan palaces on CreteGreece

  2. c. 2000 BCE

    Dilmun settlement on FailakaKuwait

  3. c. 1600 BCE

    Shang dynasty rules the Yellow River valleyChina

  4. c. 1600 BCE

    Flourishing of Mycenaean civilizationGreece

  5. c. 1500 BCE

    Maya settlement of the lowlandsBelize

  6. c. 1500 BCE

    Rise of the Nok cultureNigeria

  7. c. 1200 BCE

    Ammon, Moab and Edom emergeJordan

  8. c. 1200 BCE

    Olmec civilisation flourishesMexico

All 10 events in the 2nd millennium BCE →2 more not shown here

4 events · 4 nations

The 10th century BCE

Every theme in the 10th century BCE →

  1. c. 1000 BCE

    Copán settledHonduras

  2. Pre-colonial era

    Society of the liuraiTimor-Leste

  3. c. 1000–500 BCE

    Sogdiana settled and under Achaemenid ruleUzbekistan

  4. c. 10th century BCE

    Rise of the kingdom of D'mtEthiopia

All 4 events in the 10th century BCE →

2 events · 2 nations

The 9th century BCE

Every theme in the 9th century BCE →

  1. c. 900-300 BCE

    Tikal settled in the PetenGuatemala

  2. c. 814 BCE

    Foundation of CarthageTunisia

All 2 events in the 9th century BCE →

4 events · 4 nations

The 8th century BCE

Every theme in the 8th century BCE →

  1. from c. 8th c. BCE

    Illyrian and Greek ButrintAlbania

  2. c. 8th century BCE

    The kingdom of Saba flourishes at MaribYemen

  3. 782 BCE

    Founding of ErebuniArmenia

  4. 753 BCE (traditional)

    Legendary foundation of RomeItaly

All 4 events in the 8th century BCE →

2 events · 1 nation

The 7th century BCE

Every theme in the 7th century BCE →

  1. later 7th century BCE

    Phoenicians found Leptis MagnaLibya

  2. 631 BCE

    Greeks found CyreneLibya

All 2 events in the 7th century BCE →

5 events · 5 nations

The 6th century BCE

Every theme in the 6th century BCE →

  1. c. 6th century BCE

    Rise of the Sao cultureCameroon

  2. c. 600 BCE

    Foundation of Massalia (Marseille)France

  3. c. 6th century BCE

    Kingdom of Colchis flourishesGeorgia

  4. c. 550 BCE

    Cyrus the Great founds the Achaemenid EmpireIran

  5. c. 550–500 BCE

    Monoikos named by HecataeusMonaco

All 5 events in the 6th century BCE →

2 events · 2 nations

The 5th century BCE

Every theme in the 5th century BCE →

  1. c. 5th century BCE

    The kingdom of Lihyan rises at DadanSaudi Arabia

  2. c. 5th century BCE

    Sinhalese settlement and the founding of AnuradhapuraSri Lanka

All 2 events in the 5th century BCE →

3 events · 3 nations

The 4th century BCE

Every theme in the 4th century BCE →

  1. 331 BCE

    Foundation of AlexandriaGreece

  2. c. 322 BCE

    Chandragupta Maurya founds the Maurya EmpireIndia

  3. 312 BCE

    The Nabataeans resist the Greeks at PetraJordan

All 3 events in the 4th century BCE →

9 events · 9 nations

The 3rd century BCE

Every theme in the 3rd century BCE →

  1. c. late 4th century BCE

    Kingdom of Iberia foundedGeorgia

  2. c. 3rd century BCE

    Kingdom of Mauretania and VolubilisMorocco

  3. c. 3rd century BCE

    Kingdom of Au Lac and Co LoaVietnam

  4. c. 256 BCE

    The Greco-Bactrian kingdomAfghanistan

  5. 247 BCE

    The Parthian (Arsacid) EmpireIran

  6. c. 247 BCE

    Rise of the Parthian EmpireTurkmenistan

  7. 221 BCE

    Qin unifies China; the First Emperor is proclaimedChina

  8. c. 209 BCE

    The Xiongnu confederation reaches its heightMongolia

All 9 events in the 3rd century BCE →1 more not shown here

1 event · 1 nation

The 2nd century BCE

Every theme in the 2nd century BCE →

  1. c. 200 BCE

    Rise of the Pyu city-statesMyanmar

All 1 events in the 2nd century BCE →

3 events · 3 nations

The 1st century BCE

Every theme in the 1st century BCE →

  1. c. 1st century BCE

    The kingdom of Caucasian AlbaniaAzerbaijan

  2. 1st century BCE

    The Dacian kingdomRomania

  3. c. 57 BCE - 1st century CE

    Emergence of the Three KingdomsSouth Korea

All 3 events in the 1st century BCE →

2 events · 2 nations

The 1st century

Every theme in the 1st century →

  1. Rise of FunanCambodia

  2. Dalmatia and Pannonia become Roman provincesCroatia

All 2 events in the 1st century →

2 events · 2 nations

The 2nd century

Every theme in the 2nd century →

  1. Aksum emerges as a Red Sea trading empireEritrea

  2. Aksum emerges as a trading empireEthiopia

All 2 events in the 2nd century →

1 event · 1 nation

The 3rd century

Every theme in the 3rd century →

  1. Ardashir I founds the Sasanian EmpireIran

All 1 events in the 3rd century →

4 events · 4 nations

The 4th century

Every theme in the 4th century →

  1. Rise of the Yamato stateJapan

  2. Foundation by Saint MarinusSan Marino

  3. Foundation of ConstantinopleGreece

  4. Constantine refounds ConstantinopleTürkiye

All 4 events in the 4th century →

1 event · 1 nation

The 5th century

Every theme in the 5th century →

  1. Rise of the Licchavi dynastyNepal

All 1 events in the 5th century →

1 event · 1 nation

The 6th century

Every theme in the 6th century →

  1. Tiwanaku reaches its apogeeBolivia

All 1 events in the 6th century →

4 events · 4 nations

The 7th century

Every theme in the 7th century →

  1. Founding of CarantaniaSlovenia

  2. Rise of the Srivijaya thalassocracyIndonesia

  3. Rise of the Srivijaya thalassocracyMalaysia

  4. Foundation of the First Bulgarian EmpireBulgaria

All 4 events in the 7th century →

7 events · 7 nations

The 8th century

Every theme in the 8th century →

  1. Ghana Empire dominates the trade routesMauritania

  2. Traditional founding of KathmanduNepal

  3. Gopala founds the Pala dynastyBangladesh

  4. The Donation of Pepin creates the Papal StatesVatican City

  5. Al-Mansur founds BaghdadIraq

  6. Idris I and the founding of the dynastyMorocco

  7. The Charlemagne tradition and the Marca HispanicaAndorra

All 7 events in the 8th century →

14 events · 14 nations

The 9th century

Every theme in the 9th century →

  1. Rise of the MuiscaColombia

  2. Rise of the Kanem empireNigeria

  3. Jayavarman II founds the Khmer EmpireCambodia

  4. Idris II founds FezMorocco

  5. The Samanid Empire centred on BukharaTajikistan

  6. Founding of Great MoraviaSlovakia

  7. Founding of Dublin as a longphortIreland

  8. Treaty of VerdunFrance

All 14 events in the 9th century →6 more not shown here

15 events · 13 nations

The 10th century

Every theme in the 10th century →

  1. The Laguna Copperplate InscriptionPhilippines

  2. Goryeo dynasty foundedNorth Korea

  3. Wang Geon founds GoryeoSouth Korea

  4. Tomislav recognised as king of the CroatsCroatia

  5. England unified under AthelstanUnited Kingdom

  6. Founding of the Althing at ÞingvellirIceland

  7. Reign of Gorm the Old at JellingDenmark

  8. Otto I crowned emperorGermany

All 15 events in the 10th century →7 more not shown here

9 events · 9 nations

The 11th century

Every theme in the 11th century →

  1. The medieval Ghana Empire flourishes far to the northwestGhana

  2. Coronation of Stephen IHungary

  3. Refuge on a fortified mountainSan Marino

  4. Rise of Bunyoro-KitaraUganda

  5. Great Zimbabwe is builtZimbabwe

  6. Bagrat III unites GeorgiaGeorgia

  7. Duklja wins independence from ByzantiumMontenegro

  8. Reign of AnawrahtaMyanmar

All 9 events in the 11th century →1 more not shown here

11 events · 11 nations

The 12th century

Every theme in the 12th century →

  1. Rise of Bono and the early Akan statesGhana

  2. Shirazi dynasty founds KilwaTanzania

  3. Roger II crowned King of SicilyItaly

  4. Battle of OuriquePortugal

  5. The town is walledLuxembourg

  6. Stefan Nemanja founds the Nemanjić stateSerbia

  7. Revolt of Asen and Peter restores the stateBulgaria

  8. Charter of Ban KulinBosnia and Herzegovina

All 11 events in the 12th century →3 more not shown here

19 events · 16 nations

The 13th century

Every theme in the 13th century →

  1. Rise of Pipil CuzcatlanEl Salvador

  2. Foundation of Riga by Bishop AlbertLatvia

  3. Temüjin proclaimed Chinggis KhanMongolia

  4. Genoa fortifies the RockMonaco

  5. The kingdom of MapungubweSouth Africa

  6. Mali's reach extends to the GambiaGambia

  7. Foundation of the Mali Empire on the upper NigerGuinea

  8. Mali's reach and the rise of KaabuGuinea-Bissau

All 19 events in the 13th century →11 more not shown here

21 events · 20 nations

The 14th century

Every theme in the 14th century →

  1. Flourishing of Benin and OyoNigeria

  2. Vilnius founded by GediminasLithuania

  3. Founding of TenochtitlanMexico

  4. Basarab I founds WallachiaRomania

  5. Iliyas Shah founds the Bengal SultanateBangladesh

  6. The county of Vaduz takes shapeLiechtenstein

  7. Founding of the Principality of MoldaviaMoldova

  8. Rise of the Jolof EmpireSenegal

All 21 events in the 14th century →13 more not shown here

14 events · 13 nations

The 15th century

Every theme in the 15th century →

  1. Founding of Malacca by ParamesvaraMalaysia

  2. Clans coalesce into kingdomsRwanda

  3. Foundation of BugandaUganda

  4. Founding of the Sultanate of AïrNiger

  5. Foundation of the Mossi statesBurkina Faso

  6. Rise of the Mutapa stateMozambique

  7. Founding of the Shilluk KingdomSouth Sudan

  8. Rise of the Mutapa empireZimbabwe

All 14 events in the 15th century →6 more not shown here

25 events · 22 nations

The 16th century

Every theme in the 16th century →

  1. Rise of Ndongo under the ngolaAngola

  2. Rise of the Kingdom of AlladaBenin

  3. Rise of the island sultanatesComoros

  4. Funj Sultanate founded at SennarSudan

  5. The khanate of Khiva is foundedUzbekistan

  6. The Confederacy of thirteen cantonsSwitzerland

  7. Barbarossa brothers seize AlgiersAlgeria

  8. Founding of HavanaCuba

All 25 events in the 16th century →17 more not shown here

13 events · 11 nations

The 17th century

Every theme in the 17th century →

  1. Founding of Porto-NovoBenin

  2. Rise of the Lozi kingdomZambia

  3. Champlain founds QuebecCanada

  4. Rise of the Sakalava kingdomMadagascar

  5. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal arrives in BhutanBhutan

  6. Foundation of Dahomey at AbomeyBenin

  7. Kuba kingdom unified by ShyaamDR Congo

  8. Fasilides founds GondarEthiopia

All 13 events in the 17th century →5 more not shown here

27 events · 24 nations

The 18th century

Every theme in the 18th century →

  1. Rise of the Geledi SultanateSomalia

  2. Founding of the Kazembe kingdomZambia

  3. Founding of the Asante EmpireGhana

  4. Acts of Union create Great BritainUnited Kingdom

  5. Seku Watara founds the Empire of KongIvory Coast

  6. Ratsimilaho unites the BetsimisarakaMadagascar

  7. Bitòn Coulibaly consolidates the Bambara kingdom of SegouMali

  8. Foundation of the Principality of LiechtensteinLiechtenstein

All 27 events in the 18th century →19 more not shown here

4 events · 4 nations

The 1800s

Every theme in the 1800s →

  1. Union with Ireland forms the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

  2. Gia Long founds the Nguyen dynastyVietnam

  3. The Empire of Austria proclaimedAustria

  4. Founding of the Sokoto CaliphateNigeria

All 4 events in the 1800s →

2 events · 2 nations

The 1810s

Every theme in the 1810s →

  1. Accession of Sobhuza IEswatini

  2. Kingdom of the Netherlands foundedNetherlands

All 2 events in the 1810s →

3 events · 3 nations

The 1820s

Every theme in the 1820s →

  1. Federal Republic of Central AmericaGuatemala

  2. Moshoeshoe occupies Thaba BosiuLesotho

  3. Turki ibn Abdullah founds the Second Saudi StateSaudi Arabia

All 3 events in the 1820s →

4 events · 4 nations

The 1830s

Every theme in the 1830s →

  1. Republic of Ecuador foundedEcuador

  2. Separation from Gran ColombiaVenezuela

  3. Leopold I, first King of the BelgiansBelgium

  4. Britain re-establishes control (founding of continuous administration)Falkland Islands

All 4 events in the 1830s →

3 events · 3 nations

The 1840s

Every theme in the 1840s →

  1. Treaty of Waitangi signedNew Zealand

  2. El Salvador becomes sovereignEl Salvador

  3. Libreville founded for freed slavesGabon

All 3 events in the 1840s →

1 event · 1 nation

The 1850s

Every theme in the 1850s →

  1. Union of the PrincipalitiesRomania

All 1 events in the 1850s →

1 event · 1 nation

The 1860s

Every theme in the 1860s →

  1. Confederation — the Dominion of CanadaCanada

All 1 events in the 1860s →

3 events · 3 nations

The 1870s

Every theme in the 1870s →

  1. Proclamation of the German EmpireGermany

  2. Samori proclaims the Wassoulou EmpireGuinea

  3. The League of PrizrenKosovo

All 3 events in the 1870s →

5 events · 5 nations

The 1880s

Every theme in the 1880s →

  1. Founding of Brazzaville at NkunaCongo

  2. Unification with Eastern RumeliaBulgaria

  3. Founding of Addis AbabaEthiopia

  4. Founding of Djibouti cityDjibouti

  5. Tobago united with TrinidadTrinidad and Tobago

All 5 events in the 1880s →

4 events · 4 nations

The 1900s

Every theme in the 1900s →

  1. Federation creates the Commonwealth of AustraliaAustralia

  2. Republic of Cuba proclaimedCuba

  3. The Kruševo RepublicNorth Macedonia

  4. Ugyen Wangchuck crowned first kingBhutan

All 4 events in the 1900s →

9 events · 9 nations

The 1910s

Every theme in the 1910s →

  1. Union of South AfricaSouth Africa

  2. Republic of China founded; last emperor abdicatesChina

  3. Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimedUkraine

  4. Foundation of CzechoslovakiaCzechia

  5. Union of Transylvania with RomaniaRomania

  6. Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes proclaimedSerbia

  7. Czechoslovakia and the Martin DeclarationSlovakia

  8. Birth of the Yugoslav kingdomSlovenia

All 9 events in the 1910s →1 more not shown here

6 events · 5 nations

The 1920s

Every theme in the 1920s →

  1. Reunification of Northern SchleswigDenmark

  2. Abdullah founds the Emirate of TransjordanJordan

  3. Founding of the Soviet UnionRussia

  4. Mongolian People's Republic proclaimedMongolia

  5. Signing of the Lateran TreatyVatican City

  6. The State of Vatican City comes into beingVatican City

All 6 events in the 1920s →

1 event · 1 nation

The 1930s

Every theme in the 1930s →

  1. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

All 1 events in the 1930s →

5 events · 5 nations

The 1940s

Every theme in the 1940s →

  1. Proclamation of a Macedonian state (ASNOM)North Macedonia

  2. Founding of the DPRKNorth Korea

  3. Republic of Korea proclaimedSouth Korea

  4. People's Republic of China proclaimedChina

  5. ROC government relocates to TaiwanTaiwan

All 5 events in the 1940s →

3 events · 3 nations

The 1950s

Every theme in the 1950s →

  1. Commonwealth establishedPuerto Rico

  2. Republic of Egypt proclaimedEgypt

  3. Fifth Republic foundedFrance

All 3 events in the 1950s →

4 events · 4 nations

The 1960s

Every theme in the 1960s →

  1. Union with the south forms the Somali RepublicSomaliland

  2. Reunification and federationCameroon

  3. Formation of the Federation of MalaysiaMalaysia

  4. Union of Tanganyika and ZanzibarTanzania

All 4 events in the 1960s →

3 events · 2 nations

The 1970s

Every theme in the 1970s →

  1. The United Arab Emirates is foundedUnited Arab Emirates

  2. Ras al-Khaimah joins the federationUnited Arab Emirates

  3. Proclamation of the Islamic RepublicIran

All 3 events in the 1970s →

4 events · 4 nations

The 1990s

Every theme in the 1990s →

  1. Unification of the Republic of YemenYemen

  2. The Velvet Divorce and birth of the Czech RepublicCzechia

  3. Formal independenceEritrea

  4. Nouméa Accord signedNew Caledonia

All 4 events in the 1990s →

2 events · 2 nations

The 2000s

Every theme in the 2000s →

  1. Restoration of independenceTimor-Leste

  2. Act on Greenland Self-Government in forceGreenland

All 2 events in the 2000s →

1 event · 1 nation

The 2010s

Every theme in the 2010s →

  1. Federal Government of Somalia establishedSomalia

All 1 events in the 2010s →