- Europe
Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand
Giuseppe Garibaldi's volunteers conquered Sicily and southern Italy, bringing down the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and clearing the way for unification.
Era: Foreign Domination and the Risorgimento
Sources: Italy (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Italy Is Proclaimed a Kingdom (1861) · EBSCO Research Starters
- Asia
Sectarian conflict in Mount Lebanon
Violence between Druze and Maronites spreads to Damascus and kills many thousands of Christians (figures are disputed estimates), prompting a French-led European intervention.
Era: 1860, the Mutasarrifate and the French Mandate
Sources: History of Lebanon · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lebanon: The National Pact (Lebanon: A Country Study) · U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
- Oceania
The New Zealand Wars
Disputes over land and sovereignty erupted into war in Taranaki in 1860 and spread across the North Island, pitting imperial and colonial forces against iwi defending their land and autonomy until about 1872.
Era: The Treaty of Waitangi, the New Zealand Wars, and confiscation
Sources: New Zealand Wars · Encyclopaedia Britannica, New Zealand Wars · Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- North America
American Civil War
War between the Union and the secessionist Confederacy, ignited at Fort Sumter, became the deadliest conflict in U.S. history and decided the fate of slavery.
Era: Expansion, slavery, and the Civil War
Sources: American Civil War · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- North America
War of Restoration
A guerrilla war against Spanish rule, launched from Santiago in 1863, forces Spain to abandon the colony in 1865 and restores Dominican independence.
Era: Haitian Rule and Dominican Independence
Sources: History of the Dominican Republic · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies · U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
- Europe
The January Uprising
A protracted guerrilla insurrection against Russian rule ended in defeat and severe repression, including executions, deportations to Siberia and intensified Russification.
Era: The Partitions and the Long Fight for Independence
Sources: History of Poland (1795-1918) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Asia
The Duar War with British India
After a failed British mission and disputes over the southern duars, Britain and Bhutan fight a five-month war that ends in Bhutanese defeat.
Era: Civil Strife and the British Treaties
Sources: Bhutan — History · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies · Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
- South America
- Europe
The Second Schleswig War
Prussian and Austrian armies invaded after Denmark sought to incorporate Schleswig; following defeat at Dybbol, Denmark ceded Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, losing about a third of its territory.
Era: The Schleswig Question and the Making of the Modern Border
Sources: German-Danish War · Encyclopaedia Britannica, German-Danish War: War and the final settlement of the Schleswig-Holstein question · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Death of Umar Tal
The Tukulor leader dies in 1864 near Hamdallahi amid revolt; his successors face mounting French pressure.
Era: Segou, the Tukulor and Samori
Sources: ʿUmar Tal — West African Tukulor Leader & Jihadist · Encyclopædia Britannica
- South America
Paraguay invades Mato Grosso
Francisco Solano Lopez opens hostilities by invading the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso, the first move in a war that would soon include Argentina and Uruguay.
Era: The War of the Triple Alliance
Sources: War of the Triple Alliance · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Francisco Solano Lopez · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Seqiti War and loss of the lowlands
A devastating war with the Orange Free State sees Boer commandos overrun much of the fertile western lowlands and besiege Thaba Bosiu.
Era: Moshoeshoe and the Birth of the Basotho
Sources: Lesotho: The Sotho kingdom (1824–69) · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Lesotho · Wikipedia
- South America
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay sign a secret alliance against Paraguay, committing to wage war until the fall of Lopez.
Era: The War of the Triple Alliance
Sources: War of the Triple Alliance · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- South America
Battle of Tuyuti
The allies inflict a heavy defeat on Paraguay at Tuyuti, one of the largest battles of the war, beginning the slow destruction of Lopez's army.
Era: The War of the Triple Alliance
Sources: Francisco Solano Lopez · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
The Battle of Kansala ends Kaabu
A Fula army linked to Alfa Molo besieged and destroyed the Kaabu capital of Kansala; tradition holds the mansaba Dianke Walli blew up the gunpowder store rather than surrender, ending Kaabu and giving rise to the Fula kingdom of Fuladu.
Era: Kaabu and the peoples of the Rivers of Guinea
Sources: Kaabu · Wikipedia, Kansala (Battle of Kansala, 1867) · Wikipedia, History of Guinea-Bissau · Wikipedia
- North America
Fall of the Second Empire
Mexican forces under Juarez defeat the French intervention; Emperor Maximilian is captured and executed, restoring the republic.
Era: Reform, Porfiriato, and Revolution
Sources: Benito Juarez · Encyclopaedia Britannica, La Reforma · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Asia
Bahraini attack and the Qatari-Bahraini conflict
Forces from Bahrain and its allies attacked Al Wakrah and Al Bidda, an assault the British viewed as a breach of Gulf agreements and that sharpened Qatar's sense of separate identity.
Era: The Rise of the Al Thani and the 1868 Agreement
Sources: History of Qatar · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani — Qatar's Rulers · The Amiri Diwan, State of Qatar
- Africa
Reign of Kigeri IV Rwabugiri
Mwami Kigeri IV Rwabugiri expands the kingdom through military conquest and administrative reform toward Lake Kivu, marking the high point of precolonial Rwandan power.
Era: The Kingdom of the Mwami
Sources: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri · Wikipedia, History of Rwanda · Wikipedia
- Africa
Siege of Magdala and death of Tewodros
A British military expedition storms Tewodros's fortress at Magdala; the emperor takes his own life rather than surrender, ending his reign but not his unifying legacy.
Era: Gondar, the Era of the Princes and Reunification
Sources: Ethiopia (country overview) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Convention of Aliwal North
The boundary settlement with the Orange Free State confirms the loss of the fertile western lowlands, the "Conquered Territory", to the Boers.
Era: Basutoland: Protectorate and the Gun War
Sources: Lesotho: The Sotho kingdom (1824–69) · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Lesotho · Wikipedia
War & Rupture in the 1860s
Every event in the Terralore archive tagged war and rupture — wars, invasions, conquests, battles and armed conflict, narrowed to the 1860s — 20 of them, drawn from 17 nations, running from 1860 to 1869. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.
- Events
- 20
- Nations
- 17
- Earliest
- 1860
- Latest
- 1869
- Africa
- 6
- South America
- 4
- Asia
- 3
- Europe
- 3
- North America
- 3
- Oceania
- 1
Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.