War & RuptureThe 4th century BCE

War & Rupture in the 4th century BCE

Every event in the Terralore archive tagged war and rupture — wars, invasions, conquests, battles and armed conflict, narrowed to the 4th century BCE — 12 of them, drawn from 11 nations, running from 338 BCE to 326 BCE. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.

Events
12
Nations
11
Earliest
338 BCE
Latest
326 BCE
Asia
8
Europe
3
Africa
1

Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.

  1. 338 BCEEurope

    Greece

    Battle of Chaeronea

    Philip II of Macedon defeated an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes, ending the era of fully independent poleis and establishing Macedonian dominance over Greece.

    Era: The Hellenistic Age: Alexander and His Successors

    Sources: Battle of Chaeronea · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Battle of Chaeronea · World History Encyclopedia

  2. 336–323 BCEEurope

    North Macedonia

    Conquests of Alexander the Great

    Alexander III led Macedonian and Greek forces in the conquest of the Persian empire, carrying Hellenistic civilization from Egypt to the Indus before his death at Babylon in 323 BCE.

    Era: Ancient Macedon and the Classical Legacy

    Sources: Alexander the Great · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  3. 334 BCEEurope

    Greece

    Alexander invades the Persian Empire

    Alexander the Great crossed into Asia and began the campaign that, over a decade, toppled the Persian Empire and carried Greek arms and culture as far as India.

    Era: The Hellenistic Age: Alexander and His Successors

    Sources: Alexander the Great · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Alexander the Great · World History Encyclopedia

  4. 332 BCEAfrica

    Egypt

    Alexander the Great conquers Egypt

    Alexander expels Persian rule, is hailed as pharaoh and founds Alexandria, opening the Hellenistic age in Egypt.

    Era: Greco-Roman and Byzantine Egypt

    Sources: Ptolemaic Dynasty · World History Encyclopedia, Ancient Egypt: The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  5. 332 BCEAsia

    Jordan

    Alexander the Great and the end of Persian rule

    The conquests of Alexander brought the region into the Hellenistic world, hastening the eclipse of the old Iron Age kingdoms and opening the way to Greek and later Roman cities.

    Era: The Kingdoms East of the Jordan: Ammon, Moab and Edom

    Sources: Jordan: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  6. 332 BCEAsia

    Lebanon

    Alexander the Great takes Tyre

    After a long siege and the building of a causeway to the island city, Alexander captures Tyre, ending the independence of the Phoenician city-states.

    Era: Phoenicia: Byblos, Sidon and Tyre

    Sources: Tyre · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Phoenicia · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  7. 332 BCEAsia

    Palestine

    Hellenistic conquest

    Alexander the Great's conquest brought the region into the Hellenistic world of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms.

    Era: Roman, Byzantine, and the Name "Palaestina"

    Sources: Palestine - region, history · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  8. 330 BCEAsia

    Iran

    Alexander conquers Persia and burns Persepolis

    After defeating Darius III at Gaugamela (331 BCE), Alexander the Great enters and burns Persepolis and the last Achaemenid king is killed, ending the empire in 330 BCE.

    Era: Elam and the Achaemenid Empire

    Sources: Alexander the Great & the Burning of Persepolis · World History Encyclopedia, Cyrus the Great · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  9. 329–327 BCEAsia

    Afghanistan

    Alexander the Great conquers Bactria

    Alexander of Macedon overruns Bactria and the lands of modern Afghanistan in a gruelling campaign, leaving Greek garrisons and settlers that seeded later Hellenistic kingdoms.

    Era: Bactria, Gandhara and the Buddhist Age

    Sources: Bactria · World History Encyclopedia, Afghanistan — history · Encyclopaedia Britannica

  10. c. 329 BCEAsia

    Tajikistan

    Alexander the Great in Sogdiana and Bactria

    After overthrowing the Achaemenid Persians, Alexander the Great campaigns through Sogdiana and Bactria, the Iranian lands of Transoxania that later peoples would regard as the Tajik homeland.

    Era: Sogdiana, Bactria and the Silk Road

    Sources: Sogdiana — Central Asia, Silk Road, Persian Empire · Encyclopædia Britannica, History of Tajikistan · Encyclopædia Britannica

  11. 329 BCEAsia

    Uzbekistan

    Alexander the Great conquers Sogdiana

    Alexander the Great captures Maracanda (Samarkand) and advances to the Jaxartes, overcoming two years of fierce Sogdian resistance under Spitamenes.

    Era: Sogdiana, Bactria and the Silk Road

    Sources: Samarkand — Uzbekistan, Map, History & Facts · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Alexander the Great · World History Encyclopedia

  12. 326 BCEAsia

    Pakistan

    Alexander defeats Porus at the Hydaspes

    Alexander the Great crosses the Indus passes and defeats King Porus on the Jhelum, marking the easternmost reach of his empire before his army turns homeward.

    Era: Gandhara and the Ancient Empires

    Sources: Taxila · Encyclopædia Britannica, Pakistan: A Country Study · Library of Congress, Federal Research Division