- North America
Mexican Revolution
A decade of revolution and civil war overthrows Diaz, costs over a million lives, and produces the Constitution of 1917.
Era: Reform, Porfiriato, and Revolution
Sources: Mexican Revolution · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Death of al-Sanusi of Dar al-Kuti
French forces killed Muhammad al-Sanusi at Ndélé, ending the slave-raiding sultanate of Dar al-Kuti; his successor's resistance was suppressed by 1912.
Era: Conquest and the Concession Regime
Sources: Dar al-Kuti · Wikipedia
- Europe
First Balkan War
Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro of the Balkan League drove the Ottoman Empire almost entirely out of Europe, with Bulgarian armies bearing the heaviest fighting in Thrace.
Era: The Balkan Wars, the World Wars and the Saving of the Jews
Sources: Balkan Wars · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Teixeira Pinto's pacification of the mainland
The officer João Teixeira Pinto, with the auxiliary Abdul Injai, led brutal campaigns that crushed mainland resistance and brought the interior under Portuguese control for the first time.
Era: Portuguese Guinea and the late conquest
Sources: History of Guinea-Bissau · Wikipedia, Portuguese Guinea · Wikipedia, Guinea-Bissau (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
Balkan Wars bring Kosovo into Serbia
The Balkan Wars ended Ottoman rule, and Kosovo was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbia, later part of the Yugoslav state.
Era: Yugoslav Kosovo: Autonomy, Revocation and Parallel State
Sources: Kosovo: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Balkan Wars
Montenegro joined Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece in the First Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire and besieged Scutari, but was forced by the Great Powers to give up the captured city.
Era: Secular Principality, the Congress of Berlin and the Kingdom
Sources: Montenegro: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nicholas I, king of Montenegro · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- North America
United States Marine occupation
US Marines are stationed in Nicaragua to support Conservative governments and oversee its finances, with only a brief interruption, until 1933.
Era: Intervention, Sandino, and the Somoza Dynasty
Sources: History of Nicaragua · Encyclopædia Britannica, Territorial Expansion, Filibustering, and U.S. Interest in Central America · U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian
- Europe
The Balkan Wars
Serbia drove the Ottomans from most of their European lands and, after the Second Balkan War, gained Kosovo, Metohija and much of Macedonia, nearly doubling its territory and alarming Austria-Hungary.
Era: The Serbian Revolution and the Road to Independence
Sources: Serbia: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
Second Balkan War and the loss of Macedonia
Bulgaria attacked its former allies over the division of Macedonia and was crushed by Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottomans; the Treaty of Bucharest left most of Macedonia to its rivals and Southern Dobruja to Romania.
Era: The Balkan Wars, the World Wars and the Saving of the Jews
Sources: Second Balkan War · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Balkan Wars · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Balkan Wars and the partition of Macedonia
The Balkan Wars ended Ottoman rule and divided historic Macedonia among Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria; the northern Vardar region passed to Serbia, becoming the core of the future republic.
Era: Partition, 'Vardar Macedonia' and the Yugoslav Republic
Sources: Macedonia (region, Europe): Map, History & Facts · Encyclopaedia Britannica, North Macedonia: History (Ancient, Ottoman, Yugoslav) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
Neutral through the First World War
Andorra remained outside the fighting of the Great War; an anomaly of its undefined status was that it was reportedly omitted from the peace settlement and stayed nominally at war for decades.
Era: Reform, a Brief 'King', and the Strains of the Old Order
Sources: Andorra: History, Facts & Points of Interest · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Andorra: Member state · Council of Europe
- Europe
Assassination at Sarajevo
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, the spark that led Austria-Hungary to war.
Era: The Dual Monarchy and the Catastrophe of 1918
Sources: Sarajevo and the July Crisis · Der Erste Weltkrieg (The First World War / habsburger.net)
- Europe
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
After the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering a chain of alliances that plunged Europe into the First World War.
Era: The Dual Monarchy and the Catastrophe of 1918
Sources: Sarajevo and the July Crisis · Der Erste Weltkrieg (The First World War / habsburger.net)
- Europe
Germany invades neutral Belgium
Executing the Schlieffen Plan, Germany invaded Belgium after King Albert I refused free passage; the violation of the 1839 neutrality treaty, dismissed as a 'scrap of paper', brought Britain into the First World War.
Era: The Two World Wars and the Gains of Versailles
Sources: The Treaty of London, 1839 (primary text) · FirstWorldWar.com Primary Documents, Belgium: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Battle of the Yser
Falling back behind the river Yser, the Belgian army opened the sluices and flooded the polders to halt the German advance, holding a last strip of free Belgium around Nieuwpoort and Diksmuide for the rest of the war.
Era: The Two World Wars and the Gains of Versailles
Sources: Belgium: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
In Sarajevo, Gavrilo Princip of the Young Bosnia movement shot dead Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, the act that triggered the outbreak of the First World War.
Era: Habsburg Rule, Sarajevo 1914 and the Yugoslav Kingdom
Sources: Archduke Franz Ferdinand · Lumen Learning, History of Western Civilization II, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (research guide) · Library of Congress
- Africa
The Kamerun campaign
British, French, and Belgian forces invaded German Kamerun from August 1914; after a prolonged campaign the last German garrison surrendered in early 1916.
Era: German Kamerun
Sources: Kamerun campaign (1914–1916) · Wikipedia, Cameroon (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- North America
Canada in the First World War
Canada fought in the First World War as part of the British Empire but as a distinct national force; the costly victory at Vimy Ridge in 1917 became a symbol of emerging nationhood.
Era: The World Wars and growing autonomy
Sources: The Battle of Vimy Ridge · Veterans Affairs Canada, Canada · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- South America
Battle of the Falkland Islands
A British naval squadron destroyed a German cruiser force off the islands in an early First World War engagement, underscoring their strategic position near Cape Horn.
Era: The Pastoral Colony of Sheep and Wool
Sources: Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
- Europe
German invasion in the First World War
German forces occupied neutral Luxembourg on 2 August 1914 to control its railways for the advance on France, holding the country until November 1918 despite its formal protest.
Era: Two World Wars and the End of Neutrality
Sources: Occupation of Luxembourg (1914-1918) · 1914-1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Luxembourg (1914-1918) · 1914-1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
- Oceania
Australia occupies German New Guinea
At the outbreak of the First World War, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, ending German colonial rule in the region.
Era: Australian rule and the highland 'first contact'
Sources: Papua New Guinea — The colonial period · Encyclopædia Britannica, British New Guinea and German New Guinea · The National Archives (UK)
- Europe
Assassination at Sarajevo
The Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo; Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, and its declaration of war triggered the First World War.
Era: The Serbian Revolution and the Road to Independence
Sources: Serbia: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Africa
Anglo-French conquest of Togoland
At the start of the First World War, British and French forces invaded German Togoland; after destroying the Kamina wireless station, the German garrison surrendered on 26 August 1914.
Era: Conquest, partition and the mandates
Sources: Togoland · Wikipedia, Togo (country overview and history) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The First World War
Britain and its empire fought in the First World War at enormous human cost; the war accelerated social and political change, including votes for women, and led to the partition of Ireland and the Irish Free State in 1922.
Era: World wars, decolonisation, and the modern UK
Sources: The end of the British Empire after the Second World War · Imperial War Museums, Act of Union (United Kingdom, 1801) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Oceania
Gallipoli landing and the Anzac legend
Australian and New Zealand troops landed at Gallipoli in a costly campaign that, despite ending in withdrawal, became a foundational national story commemorated each year on Anzac Day.
Era: The world wars, immigration, and the twentieth century
Sources: The Immigration Restriction Act and the Anzacs · Australian War Memorial, Australia (country) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- North America
United States occupation
U.S. Marines occupy Haiti for nineteen years, controlling its finances and building infrastructure amid widespread resentment and resistance.
Era: Occupation and Dictatorship
Sources: U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915-34 · U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian
- Africa
The Chilembwe rising
Reverend John Chilembwe led an uprising against colonial rule, forced labour and wartime conscription; his followers attacked the A. L. Bruce estate at Magomero and killed William Jervis Livingstone before British forces swiftly suppressed the revolt.
Era: Protectorate, Nyasaland and the Chilembwe rising
Sources: John Chilembwe · Encyclopaedia Britannica, John Chilembwe (ca. 1871–1915) · BlackPast.org, John Chilembwe · Wikipedia
- Africa
South Africa conquers the colony
South African forces invaded German South West Africa during the First World War and forced the German garrison to surrender, beginning seventy-five years of South African rule.
Era: South African rule, the mandate, and apartheid
Sources: Namibia (country, history and government) · Encyclopaedia Britannica, History of Namibia · Wikipedia
- Oceania
Gallipoli and the Anzac legend
New Zealand and Australian troops landed at Gallipoli, a costly campaign that, despite ending in withdrawal, became a foundational national story commemorated each year on Anzac Day.
Era: Nationhood, the world wars, and the welfare state
Sources: New Zealand (country) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Asia
The Armenian Genocide
From 24 April 1915 the Ottoman government deported and massacred its Armenian population in death marches and killings across Anatolia and into the Syrian desert; most historians recognise these events as genocide, with deaths estimated from roughly 600,000 to 1.5 million.
Era: World War I, the Armenian Genocide and the War of Independence
Sources: The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth · United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Armenian Genocide · Encyclopædia Britannica
- Asia
Gallipoli campaign
Ottoman forces repelled an Allied attempt to seize the Dardanelles; the defence brought the officer Mustafa Kemal to national prominence.
Era: World War I, the Armenian Genocide and the War of Independence
Sources: Kemal Atatürk · Encyclopædia Britannica
- Asia
Warlord Era of political fragmentation
The death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 plunges China into the Warlord Era, with regional militarists ruling much of the country until the Nationalists reassert partial unity by 1928.
Era: The Fall of the Empire: Republic, Warlords, and War
Sources: China · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- North America
U.S. military occupation
The United States occupies the Dominican Republic, governing it for eight years, suppressing an eastern insurgency, and creating the national guard from which Trujillo would emerge.
Era: U.S. Occupation and the Trujillo Era
Sources: Dominican Republic, 1916-1924 · U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, History of the Dominican Republic · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Easter Rising
Republicans seized the General Post Office and other Dublin sites and proclaimed an Irish Republic; the rising was suppressed within a week, but the execution of its leaders turned opinion towards independence.
Era: Rising, Independence and Partition
Sources: Irish History Timeline – From 1916 to Today · GPO Witness History Museum, Dublin
- Asia
The Great Arab Revolt begins
Sharif Hussein of Mecca, supported by Britain, launched the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire; his sons Faisal and Abdullah led its forces toward Syria, aided by T. E. Lawrence.
Era: The Arab Revolt, the Emirate of Transjordan and Independence
Sources: Great Arab Revolt Begins · EBSCO Research Starters, Abdullah I: Biography, History, and Assassination · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Asia
The 1916 revolt (Urkun)
A decree conscripting Central Asians for wartime labour triggered a revolt across Russian Turkestan; in the Kyrgyz lands it was suppressed with great violence, and tens of thousands fled toward China, with heavy loss of life. Casualty figures remain estimates.
Era: The Khanate of Kokand and the Russian Conquest
Sources: Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated · Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Kyrgyzstan: A Country Study (in Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies) · U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
- Europe
Battle of Mojkovac and Austro-Hungarian occupation
The Montenegrin army won the Battle of Mojkovac (7-8 January 1916) to cover the Serbian retreat, but the kingdom was overrun and occupied by Austria-Hungary, and King Nikola I fled into exile.
Era: War, the Podgorica Assembly and Yugoslav Montenegro
Sources: Montenegro (First World War) · 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Frantisek Sistek, 'The Contested Memory of the First World War in Montenegro' (Battle of Mojkovac, January 1916), Traditiones 47/1 (2018), 63-86 · Traditiones (ZRC SAZU, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts)
- Africa
The Kaocen revolt at Agadez
During the First World War the Tuareg leader Kaocen led a major revolt against French rule, besieging the garrison at Agadez before the rising was crushed.
Era: Conquest, the Voulet-Chanoine column and colonial Niger
Sources: History of Niger · Wikipedia, Niger (country) · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
Romania enters the First World War
Romania joined the Allies in 1916 seeking the Romanian lands of Austria-Hungary, especially Transylvania; despite early defeats, the collapse of the empires opened the way to union.
Era: Greater Romania: the Great War and the union of Transylvania
Sources: Treaty of Trianon · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The War of Independence
The Estonian army, with Finnish, British and other allied support, repelled the Soviet Red Army and the Baltic German Landeswehr, securing the survival of the new republic.
Era: Independence, the War of Independence and the First Republic
Sources: Estonia celebrates Independence Day: How was freedom declared in 1918? · ERR (Estonian Public Broadcasting), Estonia: History · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Finnish Civil War
From late January to 15 May 1918 Finland was convulsed by civil war between socialist Reds and conservative Whites under Mannerheim; the Whites won, but some 36,600 died, many in executions and prison camps.
Era: Independence and the Finnish Civil War
Sources: How Finland found a road to reconciliation after the Civil War of 1918 · thisisFINLAND (Finland Promotion Board), History of Finland · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Europe
The Russian Civil War
Trotsky's Red Army battles the anti-communist Whites, foreign interventionists, and nationalist forces in a devastating civil war marked by the Red Terror and mass famine, leaving millions dead before the Bolsheviks prevail.
Era: Revolution and the Fall of the Romanovs
Sources: Russian Revolution · Encyclopaedia Britannica, Russia · Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Asia
End of Ottoman rule
During the First World War the Arab Revolt and Allied forces drive the Ottomans from Syria, ending four hundred years of Ottoman dominion and opening the way to French and British arrangements for the region.
Era: Saladin, the Mamluks and Ottoman Rule
Sources: Syria — history · Encyclopaedia Britannica, A Guide to the History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations: Syria · U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian
- Europe
War of Independence
After Sinn Féin's 1918 victory and the first Dáil in 1919, the IRA waged a guerrilla war against British forces until a truce on 11 July 1921 opened the way to negotiations.
Era: Rising, Independence and Partition
Sources: Irish History Timeline – From 1916 to Today · GPO Witness History Museum, Dublin
- Europe
The Christmas Uprising and the Greens-Whites split
Pro-independence 'Greens' rose against the union proclaimed at Podgorica but were defeated by the unionist 'Whites', a schism over Montenegro's statehood that endured for generations.
Era: War, the Podgorica Assembly and Yugoslav Montenegro
Sources: Montenegro (First World War) · 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Frantisek Sistek, 'The Contested Memory of the First World War in Montenegro' (Battle of Mojkovac, January 1916), Traditiones 47/1 (2018), 63-86 · Traditiones (ZRC SAZU, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts)
War & Rupture in the 1910s
Every event in the Terralore archive tagged war and rupture — wars, invasions, conquests, battles and armed conflict, narrowed to the 1910s — 46 of them, drawn from 38 nations, running from 1910 to 1919. Each entry keeps the sources it was verified against and links back to the chronicle it came from.
- Events
- 46
- Nations
- 38
- Earliest
- 1910
- Latest
- 1919
- Europe
- 24
- Africa
- 7
- Asia
- 6
- North America
- 5
- Oceania
- 3
- South America
- 1
Every entry below is the same record, with the same sources, as the one on its nation’s chronicle.